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Climate change: The Ultimate Challenge for Economics*

439. Climate change : The Ultimate Challenge for Economics*. Prize Lecture, December 8, 2018 by William D. Nordhaus Yale University, USA. the science of economics covers a vast terrain, as is clear from the history of Nobel awards in this area. Among the many fields that have been recognized are portfolio theory to reduce investment risk, the dis- covery of linear programming algorithms to solve complex allocation problems, econometric methods as a way of systematically understanding history and behavior, economic growth theory, and general-equilibrium theory as the modern interpretation of the invisible hand of Adam Smith. The award this year concerns another of the many fields of economics.

Climate change is a particularly thorny externality because it is global. Global externalities, whose impacts are indivisibly spread around the entire world, are not new. In earlier centuries, countries faced religious conicts, marauding armies, and the spread of infectious dis-

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ANSWERING CAUSAL QUESTIONS USING OBSERVATIONAL …

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more than compulsory schooling prior to the policy change. Similarly, individuals may deviate from the treatment protocol in a randomized controlled trial. That is, complete compliance is the exception rather than the rule. How can one estimate a treatment effect when the responses vary in the population and there

  Policy, Change, Policy change

GROUNDBREAKING INVENTIONS IN LASER PHYSICS

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Groundbreaking inventions in laser physics Optical tweezers and generation of high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses . General introduction . The very first paper describing the principle for an infrared or optical maser arrived to Physical

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LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

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configuration for batteries in a patent from 1969.17 At the same time, John Newman developed a theory for ion transfer in electrochemical cells.18 Figure 3. Carbonate solvents used for batteries. A conference held in Belgirate, Italy, arranged by Brian C. H. Steele in 1972 came to be particularly important to the development.

  Important, Batteries, Ion batteries

INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT - Nobel Prize

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about the appropriateness of treating economics as parallel to physics, chem-istry, and medicine. These are regarded as“exact sciences” in which objective, cumulative, definitive knowledge is possible. Economics, and its fellow social sciences, are regarded more nearly as branches of philosophy than of science

  Mech, Prize, Noble, Chem istry, Istry, Nobel prize

Their tools revolutionised the construction of molecules

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THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEM OF SCIENCES WWW.KVA.SE. The discovery being awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021 has taken molecular construc-tion to an entirely new level. It has not only made chemistry greener, but also made it much easier to produce . asymmetric molecules. During chemical construction a situation often arises in which two

  Academ

Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021

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chemical reactions, without becoming part of the nal . product. For example, catalysts in cars transform toxic substances in exhaust fumes to harmless molecules. Our bodies also contain thousands of catalysts in the form of enzymes, which chisel out the molecules necessary for life. Catalysts are thus fundamental tools for chemists, but

  Chemical, Chemistry, Reactions, Chemical reactions

UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION

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microeconomic theory and the use of microeconomic data. But it shifted focus towards identifying workable policies, for which one can make causal claims of impact. As a result, we now have a large number of concrete results on specific mechanisms behind poverty and specific interventions to alleviate it. For example, on schooling,

  Microeconomics

Malala Yousafzai - Nobel Lecture

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Portrait photo of Malala Yousafzai by photographer Thomas Widerberg. Title: Malala Yousafzai - Nobel Lecture Author: Malala Yousafzai Subject: Nobel Peace Prize Lecture 2014 Created Date: 10/5/2015 8:38:27 AM ...

  Malala, Yousafzai, Malala yousafzai

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION FOR BLACK HOLES AND THE ...

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Theoretical foundation for b lack holes and the supermassive compact object at the Galactic centre . The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 . with one half to . Roger Penrose . for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity

  Theoretical, Prize, Noble, Nobel prize

They developed the world’s most powerful battery

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The result was a rechargeable lithium battery that worked at room temperature and – literally – had great potential. Stanley Whittingham travelled to Exxon’s headquarters in New York to talk about the project. The meeting lasted about fifteen minutes, with the management group subsequently making a

  Management, Battery

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GM Oil Life Monitor System Frequently Asked Questions

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important that the engine computer knows when an oil change takes place. By enabling the reset (read owner’s manual for instructions), it lets the computer know an oil change has taken place. In the event that an oil change is done without resetting the system, the ‘change oil’ indicator will remain illuminated until the system is rest.

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Name Change Form

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Use this form to report a change in your name. Read these instructions carefully and complete all applicable sections of this form. Be sure to print clearly . in ink. You must include acceptable supporting documentation. Acceptable supporting documentation includes:

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Implementing strategic change in a health care system: The ...

faculty.haas.berkeley.edu

highest when the group supports the strategic change and the leader reinforces it. We use this logic to hypothesize three additive interactions: Hypothesis 4: The interaction between high levels of support for the strategic change and the leader’s effectiveness in supporting the change will en-hance the positive outcome of the change.

  Strategic, Change, Implementing, Implementing strategic change in a

Changing pH in Soil - University of California, Davis

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the pH. This means it is much harder to change the pH of clay soil than sandy soil. Consider that limestone moves very slowly, taking years to move down a few inches in the soil. This is why it is so important to test soil early in the planning process. Limestone should be tilled into the soil root zone (top 7 inches). Table 1.

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Teaching for Change - Building Social Justing Starting in ...

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the teacher to put ethnic content into the curriculum without restructuring it, which takes substantial time, effort, training and rethinking of the curriculum and

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