Embedded retaining walls: theory, practice and …

1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Embedded retaining walls are walls that penetrate into the ground and rely to a significant extent or even completely on the passive resistance of the ground for their support. In the first half of the twentieth century, Embedded walls were generally formed of either soldier piles or steel sheet piles, the latter being the sub-ject of most of the debate and development of design methods. In the second half of the century, concrete walls formed either in slurry trenches or by contiguous or intersecting (secant) piles be-came increasingly common, often retaining natural clay rather than coarse grained soils. Classical methods of retaining wall analysis can be traced back to the work of Coulomb (1776) and Rankine (1857). Cou-lomb carried out upper bound calculations assuming a planar wedge failure mechanism from which he derived the limiting (active) force on a retaining wall, as a function of depth below the retained soil surface.

1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Embedded retaining walls are walls that penetrate into the ground and rely to a significant extent or even completely on the

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  Practices, Walls, Theory, Embedded, Retaining, Practice and, Retaining walls, Embedded retaining walls

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