Embedded retaining walls: theory, practice and understanding

1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Embedded retaining walls are walls that penetrate into the ground and rely to a significant extent or even completely on the passive resistance of the ground for their support. In the first half of the twentieth century, Embedded walls were generally formed of either soldier piles or steel sheet piles, the latter being the sub-ject of most of the debate and development of design methods. In the second half of the century, concrete walls formed either in slurry trenches or by contiguous or intersecting (secant) piles be-came increasingly common, often retaining natural clay rather than coarse grained soils. Classical methods of retaining wall analysis can be traced back to the work of Coulomb (1776) and Rankine (1857).

1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Embedded retaining walls are walls that penetrate into the ground and rely to a significant extent or even completely on the

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  Practices, Walls, Theory, Embedded, Retaining, Practice and, Embedded retaining walls

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