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Grinstead and Snell’s Introduction to Probability

GrinsteadandSnell'sIntroductionto ProbabilityTheCHANCEP roject1 Versiondated4 July20061 Copyright (C) a versionof GrinsteadandSnell's`Introductionto Probability , 2ndedition',publishedby theAmericanMathematicalSo-ciety, Copyright (C) freelyredistributableunderthetermsof ourwivesandin DiscreteProbability DiscreteProbabilities.. Distributions..182 ContinuousProbability ContinuousProbabilities.. Functions..553 .. ing.. 1204 .. 1755 Distributions.. Densities.. 2056 .. DiscreteRandomVariables.. 2687 Sumsof DiscreteRandomVariables.. ContinuousRandomVariables.. 2918 Law of .. 316vviCONTENTS9 .. Trials.. Trials.. 35610 .. 39311 Markov .. Chains.. Chains.. 45212 EuclideanSpace.. 'sRuin.. 493 Appendices499 Index503 PrefaceProbability theorybeganin seventeenth centuryFrancewhenthetwo greatFrenchmathematicians,BlaisePascalan dPierredeFermat,correspondedover two prob-lemsfromgamesof thosePascalandFermatsolved continuedto in uencesuch earlyresearchersas Huygens,Bernoulli,andDeMoivrein estab-lishinga mathematicaltheoryof Probability .

able is simply an expression whose value is the outcome of a particular experiment. Just as in the case of other types of variables in mathematics, random variables can take on di erent values. Let X be the random variable which represents the roll of one die. We shall assign probabilities to the possible outcomes of this experiment. We do this by

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