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Introduction to Logic

Introduction to LogicCourse notes by Richard BaronThis document is available at is Logic about? 2 Methods propositional logicFormalizing arguments 3 The connectives 5 Testing what follows from what 10A formal language, a system and a theory 14 Proofs using axioms 17 Proofs using natural deduction 22 Methods first-order logicFormalizing statements 31 Predicate letters, constants, variables and quantifiers 37 Some valid arguments 55 Wffs and axioms 61 Natural deduction 70 IdeasThe history of Logic 79 Fallacies 80 Paradoxes 82 Deduction, induction and abduction 84 Theories, models, soundness and completeness 87 Kurt G del 90 Version of April 20141 What is Logic about? Logic covers:a set of techniques for formalizing and testing arguments;the study of those techniques, and the powers and limits of different techniques;a range of philosophical questions about topics like truth and arguments that we formalize may look too simple to be worth the effort.

A formal language, a system and a theory 14 Proofs using axioms 17 Proofs using natural deduction 22 Methods – first-order logic ... playful. “Or” is inclusive, unless we say otherwise. So Bruno is clever or playful or both. ... We can use brackets as much as we like to group things together and make it clear what we mean: p v q & r can ...

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