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Learned Helplessness: Theory and Evidence

\,Journal ol Experimental Psychology: General1976, Vol. 105, No. 1, 3-46 Learned helplessness : Theory and EvidenceSteven F. Maier Martin E. P. SeligmanUniversity of Colorado University of PennsylvaniaSUMMARYIn 1967, Overmier and Seligman found that dogs exposed to inescapable andunavoidable electric shocks in one situation later failed to learn to escape shock ina different situation where escape was possible. Shortly thereafter Seligman andMaier (1967) demonstrated that this effect was caused by the uncontrollability ofthe original shocks. In this article we review the effects of exposing organismsto aversive events which they cannot control, and we review the explanationswhich have been seem to be motivational, cognitive, and emotional effects of uncontrol-lability.

Jun 30, 1975 · Dogs that have been exposed to inescapable shocks do not subsequently initiate escape response in the presence of shock. We review parallel phenomena in cats, fish, rats, and man. Of particular interest is the discussion of learned helplessness in rats and man. Rats are of interest because learned helplessness has been difficult to demonstrate ...

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