Lithium Batteries and Cathode Materials

Lithium Batteries and Cathode MaterialsM. Stanley Whittingham*Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000 Received June 16, 2004 Contents1. Introduction42712. Origins of the Lithium Early Molten Salt Systems at Argonne NationalLaboratory and General Concept of Mixed Early Intercalation Concept42743. 1972 1980: Birth of the Rechargeable Intercalation in the Layered Trichalcogenides and Related Movement into Layered High-Valent Oxides of Vanadium Mixed-Valent Oxides of VanadiumsV6O13and Double-Sheet Structures: Xerogels, -Vanadium Oxides, and Nanotubes42784. 1980 1990: Era of Layered Oxides and FirstLarge Early Studies of Layered Lithium Cobalt Oxide, Lithium Nickel Oxide, LiNiO242815. 1990 Present: Second-Generation Other Layered Mixed Nickel Cobalt Dioxide, Lithium Manganese Dioxide, Mixed Manganese Cobalt Dioxide, Mixed Nickel Manganese Dioxide,LiNi1-yMnyO2sMultielectron Mixed Nickel Manganese Cobalt Dioxide, Lithium -Rich Mixed-Metal Dioxides,Li1+ Iron Compounds Including Oxides Olivine Other Iron Phosphate Vanadium Phosphate Phases42966.

Sanyo, the largest manu-facturer today of both lithium rechargeable and nickel metal hydride batteries, developed3,4 one of the earliest lithium batteries with the Li/MnO 2 system that they initially sold in solar rechargeable calcula-tors.5 Some early work on ambient systems was also

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  Batteries, Lithium, Lithium batteries, Sanyo

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