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NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION IN …
INVITED REVIEWABSTRACT: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clini-cal uses of NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION (NMES) for functional andtherapeutic applications in subjects with spinal cord injury or stroke. Func-tional applications refer to the use of NMES to activate paralyzed muscles inprecise sequence and magnitude to directly accomplish functional tasks. Intherapeutic applications, NMES may lead to a specific effect that enhancesfunction, but does not directly provide function. The specific neuroprostheticor functional applications reviewed in this article include upper- and lower-limb motor movement for self-care tasks and mobility, respectively, bladderfunction, and respiratory control.
NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION IN NEUROREHABILITATION LYNNE R. SHEFFLER, MD, and JOHN CHAE, MD Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA Accepted 4 January 2007 This article provides a comprehensive review of the
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