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Probability, physics, and the coin toss

probability , physics , and the coin toss L. Mahadevan and Ee Hou Yong When you flip a coin to decide an issue, you assume that the coin will not land on its side and, perhaps less consciously, that the coin is flipped end over end. What happens if those assumptions are relaxed? L. Mahadevan is a professor of applied mathematics, biology, and physics at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Ee Hou Yong is a graduate student of physics at Harvard. Why is the outcome of a coin toss random? That is, why But how did he answer the question?

Exactly how physics and probability come together in the coin-toss problem was analyzed by Joseph Keller, who studied a coin of zero thickness that spins end over end with-out air resistance and lands without bouncing. Keller proved mathematically that the idealized coin becomes fair only in the limit of infinite vertical and angular velocity.

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