Science, Enlightenment, Progress, and Evolution

Science, enlightenment , progress , and Evolution "Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand, and I will move the world.". Archimedes In this chapter I describe the emergence of secular and scientific theories of reality in the modern West and how these new theories were applied to thinking about time and the future. The central theme of the chapter is the emergence of a new progressive image of time, history, and the future of humanity. As I describe in the following pages, this progressive image is multifaceted, with many different interpretations and points of emphasis, and there are, as well, some noteworthy criticisms and counter-proposals that emerged in modern times. Overall though, the rise of modernity in the West was connected with a general shift to a new secular-scientific vision of progress . That is the focus of this chapter. I begin with a history of the rise of modernism in the West, starting with the High Middle Ages and continuing through the Renaissance, the Age of Exploration, and the Reformation.

1 Science, Enlightenment, Progress, and Evolution "Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand, and I will move the world." Archimedes

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