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Section 4 Chapter 1 Fundamentals

Chapter ONE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF DRYING Arun S. Mujumdar and Sakamon Devahastin 1. INTRODUCTION The separation operation of drying converts a solid, semi-solid or liquid feedstock into a solid product by evaporation of the liquid into a vapor phase via application of heat. In the special case of freeze drying, which takes place below the triple point of the liquid being removed, drying occurs by sublimation of the solid phase directly into the vapor phase. This definition thus excludes conversion of a liquid phase into a concentrated liquid phase (evaporation), mechanical dewatering operations such as filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation, supercritical extraction of water from gels to produce extremely high porosity aerogels (extraction) or so-called drying of liquids and gases by use of molecular sieves (adsorption).

following mechanisms of mass transfer: • Liquid diffusion, if the wet solid is at a temperature below the boiling point of the liquid • Vapor diffusion, if the liquid vaporizes within material • Knudsen diffusion, if drying takes place at very low temperatures and pressures, e.g., in freeze drying

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