Solutions - NCERT

After studying this Unit, you will beable to describe the formation of differenttypes of Solutions ; express concentration of solutionin different units; state and explain Henry s law andRaoult s law; distinguish between ideal andnon-ideal Solutions ; explain deviations of real solutionsfrom Raoult s law; describe colligative properties ofsolutions and correlate these withmolar masses of the solutes; explain abnormal colligativeproperties exhibited by somesolutes in normal life we rarely come across pure of these are mixtures containing two or more puresubstances. Their utility or importance in life dependson their composition. For example, the properties ofbrass (mixture of copper and zinc) are quite differentfrom those of German silver (mixture of copper, zincand nickel) or bronze (mixture of copper and tin);1 part per million (ppm) of fluoride ions in waterprevents tooth decay, while ppm causes the toothto become mottled and high concentrations of fluorideions can be poisonous (for example, sodium fluoride isused in rat poison); intravenous injections are alwaysdissolved in water containing salts at particular ionicconcentrations that match with blood plasmaconcentrations and so this Unit, we will consider mostly liquidsolutions and their formation.

moles of C H O x moles of C H O moles of H O = + 0.322mol 0.322mol 4.444mol = 0.068 Similarly, = = water + 4.444 mol 0.932 0.322 mol 4.444 mol x Mole fraction of water can also be calculated as: 1 – 0.068 = 0.932 Example 2.1Example 2.1Example 2.1 (vi) Molarity: Molarity (M) is defined as number of moles of solute

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