THE ENGINEER’S TOOLBOX - Expedition Workshed

THE ENGINEER S TOOLBOXM aterialsDensities1 t/m3 = 10 kN/m3 Water 1 t/m3 normal t/m3 light t/m3 Carbon t/m3 to t/m3 Sand/gravelAbout t/m3 moistRockAbout t/m3 Strength and stress limitsConcrete (ult)Work at about 30% fcuSlabs/beams use fccu = 40 N/mm2 Columns use fcu = 40 to 60 N/mm2 Shear stress: v = say N/mm2 for beamsv = say N/mm2 for slabs and wallsStructural steel Grade 50 (working)Compressive stress: about 150 N/mm2 unless slenderness governsShear: about 100 N/mm2 Tension: about 225 N/mm2 Steel cables (working)Use 500 N/mm2 for concept designAluminium (working)Use 80 N/mm2 Timber (working)8 to 10 N/mm2 compression or tension (along the grain)Glulam timber (working)About 12 N/mm2 Carbon fibre (working)Use about 200 N/mm2 (but brittle!!)Masonry (working)215 brick wall: about 200 kN/m runBolts for steelwork (working)Grade 16 mm bolt will carry about 4 tonnes (working) in single shearWelds for steelwork (working)6 mm fillet weld will carry kN per mm Bolts for timber (working)12 mm diameter in 50 mm timber about 1 kN (100kg)StiffnessConcrete28 kN/mm2 (short term)14 kN/mm2 (long term)Steel205 kN/mm2 Timber6 kN/mm2 Aluminium70 kN/mm2 Carbon fibre120 kN/mm2 Sands and gravels25 mm settlem

THE ENGINEER’S TOOLBOX Water engineering Six most useful equations in practical hydraulics according to Ed - Continuity Q = vA - Archimedes Immersed body experiences an up thrust equal to the water displaced - Bernoulli E = v2/2g + y + (p/ρg)

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