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THERMODYNAMICS

CHEMISTRY154 THERMODYNAMICSIt is the only physical theory of universal content concerningwhich I am convinced that, within the framework of theapplicability of its basic concepts, it will never be EinsteinAfter studying this Unit, you willbe able to explain the terms : system andsurroundings; discriminate between close,open and isolated systems; explain internal energy, workand heat; state first law ofthermodynamics and expressit mathematically; calculate energy changes aswork and heat contributionsin chemical systems; explain state functions: U, H.

Thermodynamics is not concerned about how and at what rate these energy transformations are carried out, but is based on initial and final states of a system undergoing the change. Laws of thermodynamics apply only when a system is in equilibrium or moves from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state. Macroscopic properties like

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