Two Decades of Research and Development in ...

TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP9 1999 Psychology Press LtdEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND organizational PSYCHOLOGY, 1999, 8 (1), 9 32 Two Decades of Research and Development inTransformational LeadershipBernard M. BassCenter for leadership Studies, State University of New York,Binghamton, USAThe interests of the organization and its members need to be aligned. Such is a taskfor the transformational leader. In contrast to the transactional leader who practisescontingent reinforcement of followers, the transformational leader inspires,intellectually stimulates, and is individually considerate of them. Transformationalleadership may be directive or participative. Requiring higher moral Development ,transformational leadership is recognized universally as a concept. Furthermore,contrary to earlier expectations, women leaders tend to be more transformationalthan their male counterparts.

Transactional leadership can be reasonably satisfying and effective but trans-formational leadership adds substantially to the impact of transactional leader-ship. We have also learned about the effects of organizational culture and policies, and the effects of sex differences on transformational leadership…

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