CHAPTER 2 DIGITAL MODULATION 2.1 INTRODUCTION
For example, a digital signal with four possible conditions (voltage levels, frequencies, phases, and so on) is an M-ary system where M = 4. If there are eight possible conditions, M = 8 and so forth. The number of bits necessary to produce a given number of conditions is expressed mathematically as N = log 2 M (2.5) where N = number of bits ...
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