CONDITIONAL EXPECTATION AND MARTINGALES
For random variables defined on discrete proba-bility spaces, conditional expectation can be defined in an elementary manner: In particular, the conditional expectation of a discrete random variable X given the value y of another dis-crete random variable Y may be defined by (5) E(X jY ˘ y) ˘ X x xP(X ˘x jY ˘ y),
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galton.uchicago.eduadapted sequence of integrable real-valued random variables, that is, a sequence with the prop-erty that for each n the random variable Xn is measurable relative to Fn and such that EjXnj˙ 1. The sequence X0,X1,... is said to be a martingale relative to the filtration {Fn}n‚0 if it is adapted and if for every n, (1) E(Xn¯1 jFn) ˘ Xn.
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