Transcription of Gender, School and Society - himpub.com
1 Gender, SchoolandSociety( ,SemesterIV,UniversityofMumbai) CostaAssociateProfessor,PushpanjaliColle geofEducation,Vasai, :2008 CERTIFIED AuthorNopartofthispublicationmaybereprod uced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmit tedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mech anical,photocopying, :2017 , Ramdoot PoojaApartments ,4-B,MurariLalStreet,AnsariRoad,DaryaGan j, :011-23270392,23278631;Fax:011-23256286 Nagpur:KundanlalChandakIndustrialEstate, GhatRoad, :0712-2738731,3296733;Telefax:0712-27212 16 ,2ndMainRoadSeshadripuram,BehindNataraja Theatre, :08041138821,Mobile:09379847017, ,Lingampally,BesidesRaghavendraSwamyMath am,Kachiguda, :040-27560041,27550139 , ,GroundFloor,SarangapaniStreet, , :09380460419 Pune:FirstFloor,"Laksha"Apartment, ,Mehunpura,Shaniwarpeth(NearPrabhatTheat re), :020-24496323/24496333;Mobile:0937057933 3 Lucknow:HouseNo731,ShekhupuraColony, ,Aliganj, :0522-4012353;Mobile:09307501549 Ahmedabad:114, SHAIL ,1stFloor, , ,NavrangPura, :079-26560126;Mobile:09377088847 Ernakulam:39/176(NewNo:60/251)1stFloor,K arikkamuriRoad,Ernakulam,Kochi :0484-2378012,2378016 Mobile:09387122121 Bhubaneswar:5 StationSquare,Bhubaneswar-751001(Odisha) .
2 Phone:0674-2532129,Mobile:09338746007 Kolkata:108/4,BeliaghataMainRoad,NearIDH ospital, ,Kolkata-700010,Phone:033-32449649,Mobil e:07439040301 DTPby:RakhiPrintedat: PerspectivesinEducation, PerspectivesinEducation is Gender, SchoolandSociety . ,teachersneedtounderstandandexaminethero leoftheschool, Society ,curriculum, , , Gender, SchoolandSociety inthehandsofthereader, ,PrincipalandstaffofPushpanjaliCollegeof Education,Vasai, ,SchoolandSocietyTotalCredits:2 ObjectivesAftergoingthroughthiscourse,th estudentshouldbeableto: understandtheconceptofsex, Gender, transge nderandgenderroledevelopment understandthechallengestogenderequity;st ereotypes,genderbias understandtheinfluenceofsocialinstitutio ns(family,caste,class,religion,region)on genderidentity examinetheroleofschools,peers,teachers,c urriculumandtextbooks, observeandstudythedistributionofrolesand responsibilitiesinschoolsandclassrooms,r itualsandschoolroutines,processesofdisci pliningdistinctlyasgirlsandboysathomeand inclassroominteraction criticallyanalyserepresentationofgendere droles,relationshipsandideasintextbooksa ndcurricula examinethelegalprovisionstodealwithissue sofgenderparity criticallyappraisetheroleofmediainreinfo rcinggenderrolesinthepopularcultureandat School :ConceptandPerspectives(a)Conceptofsex,g enderandtransgender.
3 (b)Genderrelatedconcepts:patriarchy,femi nism,equityandequality,sexuality.(c)Emer genceofgender- (a)Influenceoffamily,caste,religion,cult ure,region,themediaandpopularculture(fil ms,advertisements,songs)ongenderidentity .(b)Genderbias:healthandnutrition,educat ion, ,schoolsandclassrooms, ,heightandweightofgirlsandboysindifferen tsectionsofsociety, (a)Genderissuesinschools(i)curriculumand textbooks(ii)sexualabuse,cyberbullying(b )Genderandthehiddencurriculum(c)GenderEm powerment:theroleofcurriculum,textbooksa ndteachers(d) (a)Roleofmediainreinforcinggenderparityt hroughthepopularculture.(b)Theroleoffami ly,religion, (c)TheroleofNGOsandwomen'sactiongroupsin strivingtowardsgenderequity(d)Theefforts ofthegovernmentagenciestoachievegenderpa rity:reservationsandlegalprovisions(e)Mi lleniumDevelopment: (ads/serials/films/printmedia).
4 (USAID,CEDAW,toDomesticwomen'sisViolence Act2005). : StreetPlays,Exhibitions,Debates,Intervie ws,PosterCompetitions,SloganCompetitions . Strategiestopromoteacceptanceoftransgend er:Casestudies. 132 UnderstandingConceptsRelatedtoGender(I) 273 UnderstandingConceptsRelatedtoGender(II) (POCSO) 10510 12611(a)1 ChapterObjectives: Toenablestudentstounderstandthedifferenc ebetween sex and gender Toenablestudentstoanalysetheconceptofgen derfromthesociological, gender and sex , sex femalesex or malesex refertothebiologicalaspect. Sex referstothephysicalattributessuchasprese nceofspecificexternalsexorgans, ,wecansay thisisamalechild or thisisafemalechild . Gender, ontheotherhand, , ,while sex isatermconcernedwithphysicalcharacterist ics, gender ,thus, sGenderMainstreamingImplementationFramew orkoffersthefollowingbaselineconceptsoft heterms sex and gender .
5 Sex:Sexdescribesthebiologicaldifferences betweenmenandwomen, :Genderreferstotherolesandresponsibiliti esofmenandwomenthatarecreatedinourfamili es, ,SchoolandSociety2 SexcomesfromtheLatinword sexus whichmeans gonads or potentialgonads . ,thebiologicalsexisdeterminedatbirth,dep endingupontheexternalgenitalorgans,inter nalorgans, , ,achildmaybebornappearingtobeafemaleonth eoutsidebutwithatypicalmaleanatomyinside .(Theoldertermforthiscondition,hermaphro ditism,camefromthenamesoftheGreekgodandg oddess, ,thegoddessoffemalesexuality,love,andbea uty.)GendercomesfromtherootLatinword genus meaning type or sort . , ,ontheotherhand, sexternalandinternalorgans,gonadsandchro mosomesdeterminetheperson ,attitudes,behaviours, ,thus, ,roles,responsibilitiesandrelationships: Therightsofanindividual,therolesshe/heha stoperform, , , ,inIndia, , , ,attitudes,behaviours, ,whenagirldisplaysemotionsbycrying, ,heisoftentoldto behavelikeaman.
6 Sgameandifaboyshowsinterestinsuchgames, pink isassociatedwithgirlsand blue ,traitsexpectedfrommalesandfemales, ,butifawomanmakesthefirstmoveandexpresse sheremotionsfirst, , , ,includingtheofficeofthePresident, sgender:Normsandrulessetinaccordancewith theideologyofgenderdetermineaperson ,maleshavegreateraccesstoandclaimoverres ourcesasfood, ,itisquitecommon(eveninaffluenthousehold s) ,insomecultures, ,insomecultures, , ,incertaincommunities, , , , ,Anita , ,gendermanifestsintheformofone sbehaviour, , ,varywithcultureSociallyconstructedInvol vesrights,responsibilities,rolesandrelat ionshipsInvolveslearnedbehaviouroracquir edidentityIncludespersonalitytraits,atti tudes,behaviours, PopulationandGender notesthattheroles,rights,andobligationsa ssignedtoeachsexarenotjustdifferent, differencesinpower,bothpowertoandpowerov er.
7 Theconceptof powerto includeslegalrights,accesstoresources,pu rsuitofknowledgeandpersonalgoals. Powerover , , , ,peers, School ,religiousorganisations, , , ,accordingtogender, , srole,therefore,waschildbearing, ,ontheotherhand, societyisastageonwhichthestruggleforpowe randdominanceareactedout .Henceincapitalistsociety,onefindsastrug glebetweenthedominantrulingclass(bourgeo isie)andtheworkers(proletariat).Friedric hEngels, ,thewoman sdomesticlabourwasoftenconsideredinsigni ficantandtherefore, Theemancipationofwomanwillonlybepossible whenwomencantakepartinproductiononalarge socialscale,anddomesticworknolongerclaim sbutaninsignificantamountofhertime. OtherconflicttheoristsalsoagreewithEngel sbysuggestingthatwhenwomengaineconomicst rengthbybecomingwageearners, , symbolicinteraction . (i)Weacttowardspeopleandthingsbasedonthe meaningweinterpretfromthem.
8 (ii)Thosemeaningsaretheproductofsocialin teractionbetweenpeople.(iii)Meaning-maki ngandunderstandingisanongoinginterpretiv eprocess,duringwhichtheinitialmeaningmig htremainthesame,evolveslightly, , sdefinitionofthesituationinfluencesother s gender , , ,therefore,isnotapersonalattribute; , ,howwewalk,thekindoflanguagewespeak,thep lacesthatwemaygotoornotgoto, ,allpeopleweinteractwithonadailybasispla yaroleineitherreaffirmingthemeaningofgen derthatwealreadyhold, , , sexperienceofsocialsituationsisdifferent fromaman , Whyshouldagirlstudy?Afterallshewillonlyb erequiredtomanageherhusband shome. , , , , 'soppressionandinequalityarearesultofcap italism,patriarchy, , , ,class, spsychologyisinfluencedbyhis/herbiology( nature)aswellashis/herenvironmentalinflu ences(nurture).Sincebiologicalandsociali nfluencesmanifestdifferentlyformenandwom en, ,researchshowsthatdepression, :Theevolutionaryapproachsuggeststhatsinc eourgenesareadaptive, ,000yearsagoourancestorswerehunter-gathe rers, , ,thiswasmanifestedintheformofgenderdiffe renceswiththemanbecomingaggressiveandcom petitive(traitsnecessaryforsurvival)andt hewomanbecomingnurturingandcaring(traits necessarytoreproduceandbringupthefamily) .
9 :ThistheorybyproposedbyJohnMoneyandAnkeE hrhardtin1972,isanapproachwherenature(ge neticfactors)andnurture(environmentalfac tors) , ,interactswithbiologicalfactorstodirectt hechild , , :AlbertBandura ,peersoradults, , , ,Bandura ,however, , , , , girl scolour . , , , , , ,unlikeBandura stheorythatemphasisestheroleofmodellingi ngenderidentity, ,ifagirlseesafilmwhereawomanisatruckdriv er, , , , , ,gentle,patient, , ,Indianculturemayconsideradriver ,impersonal,andmanagerial.( )WhilestudyingtheMundugumortribes, ,itisinterestingtonotethatinsomecultures liketheEdevillagesofVietnam, , ,childrentaketheirmother'ssurname,menmov eintotheirwife' , ,SchoolandSociety10 PerspectiveofGenderSociologicalPerspecti vesPsychologicalPerspectivesCulturalcons tructionofGenderFunctionalistPerspective s(genderrolesarefunctionalinnature)Evolu tionaryTheory(genesholdthekeytoourbeavio ur)Culturaltakesuptheframeworkprovidedby natureandaddsmeaningandvaluetogenderConf lictTheory(struggleforpowerandominancear eseeningenderroles)BiosocialTheory(natur eandnurturedeterminegenderroles)SocialLe arningTheory(genderrolesaredeterminedbyo bservationandmodeling)GenderSchemaTheory (genderschemaaregenderrelatedbeliefsthat determinegenderroles)SymbolicInteraction Theory(genderisdeterminedbyinteractionwi thothers)
10 FeministSociologicalTheory(women sperceptionofsocialsituationdiffersfromm en sperspective) ,itisnecessarytoalsolookattheterm transgender .Transgenderisanumbrellatermsusedtodescr ibepersonswhosegenderidentity, transgender in1965inhiswork SexualHygieneandPathology . transsexuals . ,transgenderalsoincludestransvestites(th osewhocrossdress,thatisamandressinglikea womanandawomandressinglikeaman).Thus,ini tsbroadestsense, (eithermaleorfemale) , genderidentity .Mostpeople , , ,psychology, ,wehavesocio-culturalgroupsoftransgender personsintheformofhijras/kinnarsandother identitieslikejogtas, , , ,unemployment,lackofeducationalfacilitie s,homelessness, ,hormonepillabuse, ,15, , ,44%reportedphysicalabuseand24% , ,irrespectiveofcaste,religionorgender. Accordingly, , InjusticeatEveryTurn ,areportbyTheNationalCentreforTransgende rEqualityandTaskForce, , , sCollege, EndlessBondage ,thefounderofSahodariFoundationhasaMaste r ,economic, ,Kalkihadtoundergomuchdiscriminationwhil eatschoolandcollege.
