A product of the TRADOC G–2 THE 9.0 RED TEAM HANDBOOK

1 THER ED TE A MHANDBOOKA product of the TRADOC G 2 Operational Environment ARMY S GUIDE TO MAKING BETTER DECISIONSThis publication is both available at and for registered All Partners Access Network users at DISTRIBUTION This HANDBOOK is approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. UFMCS University of Foreign Military and Cultural Studies TRADOC G-2 Intelligence Support Activity 803 Harrison Drive, Building 467, Room 315 FT Leavenworth, KS. 66027-2308 Phone Roster Director 913-684-7981 Course Information and Operations 913-684-4323/4336 Curriculum 913-684-3861 Librarian 913-785-3081 Technology / Online Info 913-684-4323 Security 913-684-4336 Fax 913-684-3887 DSN 552-xxxx UFMCS Red Teaming Central The All Partners Access Network (APAN) is an unclassified information sharing and collaboration enterprise for the United States Department of Defense (DoD).

2 Red Teaming Central is a community within APAN that enables Red Teamers to share their ideas on Red Teaming. Any military and government employee can register with APAN and join our Red Teaming Central at Class Descriptions, Scheduling, and ATRRS Enrollment All class descriptions and fiscal year scheduling information are available on UFMCS s public website: To register for a UFMCS resident course, each student must have their Command s approval and enroll through their authorized Command s Army Training Requirements and Resource System (ATRRS) Operator. No individual can enroll themselves into ATRRS. The steps below will assist in finding the UFMCS Resident Courses available: 1. Go to 2. Select a Fiscal Year, , 2018 3. Select the School Code: 159 (UFMCS). 4. Click Search the ATRRS Course Catalog button 5.

3 Select a UFMCS course from the table. Contact UFMCS Course Information and Operations for assistance (see previous page). RED team HANDBOOK | iii Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .. vii PREFACE .. ix EDITORIAL xi CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION .. 1 WHY DO WE RED team ? .. 2 WHAT IS RED TEAMING? .. 3 FOUR PRINCIPLES OF UFMCS .. 3 UFMCS TRAINING .. 5 THIS HANDBOOK .. 5 CHAPTER 2 - SELF-AWARENESS AND REFLECTION .. 7 SELF-AUTHORSHIP .. 9 TEMPERAMENT .. 10 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE .. 12 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION .. 13 INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT .. 15 INTROSPECTION .. 15 SUMMARY .. 17 CHAPTER 3 - FOSTERING CULTURAL EMPATHY .. 19 UNDERSTANDING CULTURE FOR THE RED TEAMER .. 20 ETHNOCENTRISM .. 21 SOME CULTURAL DEFINITIONS .. 23 SOME CULTURAL FRAMEWORKS .. 25 iv | TRADOC G-2, UFMCS CULTURAL ANALYSIS FOR THE RED TEAMER .. 27 FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS APPROACH.

4 30 CULTURAL RELEVANCE .. 36 SUMMARY .. 36 CHAPTER 4 - APPLIED CRITICAL 43 WHAT IS APPLIED CRITICAL THINKING? .. 43 THE TIME FACTOR .. 44 TIME FOR RED TEAMING .. 46 CREATING SPACE AND TIME .. 47 SUMMARY .. 49 CHAPTER 5 - GROUPTHINK MITIGATION AND DECISION SUPPORT .. 51 GROUP DYNAMICS AND GROUPTHINK .. 51 GROUPTHINK MITIGATION .. 53 DECISION SUPPORT .. 55 SUMMARY .. 56 CHAPTER 6 - THINKING CREATIVELY .. 57 THE CREATIVE THOUGHT PROCESS .. 57 STAGE 1: PROBLEM-FINDING .. 58 STAGE 2: PREPARATION .. 59 STAGE 3: IDEATION .. 60 STAGE 4: IDEA VERIFICATION .. 62 STAGE 5: COMMUNICATION .. 64 SUMMARY .. 66 CHAPTER 7 - RED TEAMING TOOLS, TECHNIQUES, & PRACTICES .. 69 TOOLS .. 70 A TECHNIQUE: THE IDEAL GROUP PROCESS .. 70 PRACTICES .. 70 RED team HANDBOOK | v 1-2-4-WHOLE GROUP .. 75 1 ON 1, 2 ON 2, EXCHANGE EMISSARIES .. 77 4 WAYS OF SEEING .. 79 5 WHYS .. 81 5 WILL GET YOU 25.

5 83 6 EMPATHETIC QUESTIONS .. 85 6 WORDS .. 86 ALTERNATIVE FUTURES ANALYSIS .. 87 ANALOGY SUITABILITY ANALYSIS .. 91 ANALYSIS OF COMPETING HYPOTHESES .. 95 APPRECIATIVE INTERVIEW .. 99 ARGUMENT 102 ASSUMPTION SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS .. 105 107 BRAINSTORMING .. 109 CIRCLE OF VOICES .. 112 CIRCULAR RESPONSE .. 114 CRITICAL VARIABLES .. 116 CULTURAL PERCEPTION FRAMEWORK .. 122 DECEPTION DETECTION .. 140 DEVIL S ADVOCACY .. 142 DIVERGENCE - CONVERGENCE .. 144 DOT VOTING .. 147 FISHBOWL .. 150 FRAME AUDIT .. 153 GALLERY 154 HIGH IMPACT / LOW PROBABILITY ANALYSIS .. 157 INDICATORS OR SIGNPOSTS OF CHANGE .. 160 KEY ASSUMPTIONS CHECK .. 163 MIND MAPPING .. 166 vi | TRADOC G-2, UFMCS MY 15% .. 168 ONION MODEL .. 169 OUTSIDE-IN THINKING .. 171 PREMORTEM ANALYSIS .. 173 PROBLEM RESTATEMENT .. 175 SHIFTING THE BURDEN .. 178 STAKEHOLDER MAPPING .. 183 STATE ELABORATE-EXEMPLIFY-ILLUSTRATE (SEE-I).

6 187 STORYTELLING .. 189 STRING OF PEARLS .. 191 S-W-O-T ANALYSIS .. 197 team A / team B ANALYSIS .. 199 THINK-WRITE-SHARE .. 201 TRIZ .. 203 TROIKA CONSULTING (AD AGENCY) .. 206 WHAT IF ANALYSIS .. 208 WHO AM I? .. 210 YES, .. 212 END NOTES .. 214 BIBLIOGRAPHY .. 218 RED team HANDBOOK | vii List of Tables and Figures TABLES TABLE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS NEEDS AND VALUES .. 11 TABLE ACT - GTM MATRIX .. 74 TABLE FOUR WAYS OF SEEING .. 80 TABLE ANALOGY SUITABILITY MATRIX .. 93 TABLE ANALYSIS OF COMPETING HYPOTHESIS MATRIX .. 98 TABLE CRITICAL VARIABLES (CVS) RELATED TO PMESII-PT .. 116 FIGURES FIGURE SELF-AUTHORSHIP DIAGRAM .. 10 FIGURE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE FRAMEWORK .. 13 FIGURE THE ONION MODEL .. 28 FIGURE FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS 30 FIGURE EXAMPLES OF BIAS .. 46 FIGURE CREATIVE THOUGHT PROCESS - PROBLEM FINDING .. 58 FIGURE CREATIVE THOUGHT PROCESS - PREPARATION.

7 59 FIGURE CREATIVE THOUGHT PROCESS - IDEATION .. 61 FIGURE CREATIVE THOUGHT PROCESS - IDEA VERIFICATION .. 63 FIGURE CREATIVE THOUGHT PROCESS - IDEA COMMUNICATION . 64 FIGURE IDEAL GROUP PROCESS .. 73 FIGURE 7. 2 ALTERNATIVE FUTURES EXAMPLE .. 90 FIGURE 7. 3 ALTERNATIVE FUTURES EXAMPLE .. 90 FIGURE DIVERGE-CONVERGENCE MODEL .. 146 FIGURE GALLERY WALK .. 156 FIGURE FIGURE DIAGRAM TO PRESENT ANALYSIS .. 159 FIGURE 7. 7 KEY ASSUMPTIONS CHECK DIAGRAM .. 165 FIGURE 7. 8 MIND MAPPING .. 167 FIGURE 7. 9 THE ONION MODEL MANIFESTATION OF CULTURE .. 170 FIGURE OUTSIDE-IN THINKING DIAGRAM .. 172 viii | TRADOC G-2, UFMCS FIGURE BUILD YOUR OWN - SHIFTING THE BURDEN MODEL .. 179 FIGURE SHIFTING THE BURDEN WITH ACT-GTM TOOLS .. 181 FIGURE 7. 13 SHIFTING THE BURDEN EXAMPLE DIAGRAM .. 181 FIGURE 7. 14 COMBINED INTEREST-INFLUENCE DIAGRAM .. 185 FIGURE STRING OF PEARLS PLANNING PROCESS.

8 191 FIGURE GRADE THE PEARLS .. 193 FIGURE FIND THE CRITICAL 193 FIGURE SPEAK TO THE CRITICAL PEARLS .. 194 FIGURE 7. 19 PROBLEM OF 204 FIGURE 7. 20 PEAK AND VALLEY DRAWINGS .. 211 RED team HANDBOOK | ix Preface Chief of Staff of the Army General Mark A. Milley repeatedly warns of increased complexity, ambiguity, and speed in future warfare. The decision-making process at all levels of command will be challenged by the environment, the situation, and the enemy, as well as by the perception and interpretation of our thoughts. The requirement to frame decisions around the scope and rate of information sharing on the modern battlefield and adapting those frames to the complexity of context and content, necessitates the ability to think critically and creatively. The curriculum at the University of Foreign Military and Cultural Studies (UFMCS) directly addresses these challenges by training and preparing students to operate as a Red Teamer.

9 Red Teaming creates and illuminates pathways to better decisions by employing structured techniques to identify hidden dangers, reveal unseen possibilities, and facilitate creative alternatives. It is, in essence, a form of risk management for the human brain. The Army chartered UFMCS with the mission to teach Red Teaming to the Army and other authorized organizations. As the nature of warfare has evolved, so too has our curriculum and academic offerings. Version of the Red team HANDBOOK represents the current state of our program. Although the contents of this volume and our courses are not official doctrine, the practices discussed directly support and are in both Joint and Army Doctrine. This HANDBOOK provides the reader with an introduction to the fundamental concepts, methods, and tools essential to the practice of Army Red Teaming.

10 Mark R. French Director, UFMCS RED team HANDBOOK | xi Editorial Staff With many iterations of the Red team HANDBOOK since 2005, we could not have made it to this version without everyone s contribution and hard work over the past years. Many months of work contributed to making this HANDBOOK much more concise to the application of Red Teaming. As a caveat, Red Teamers never like to bind themselves to only one way of looking at the world, much less just one way of looking at this HANDBOOK . As we continue to innovate and change how we see ourselves, we will continue to improve and update this HANDBOOK . UFMCS has over 20 staff members who are committed to training Red Teamers in the classroom, and those same 20 are also responsible for the curriculum and this HANDBOOK . All staff members and supporters listed below really made a difference in putting this HANDBOOK together: HANDBOOK Committee Mark French Sonja Moyer William Razz Rasgorshek LTC Neil Gensler Scott Fausset Chapter Contributors Mark Monroe Patricia Callahan Dr.