BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING A Concise Introduction

1 BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERINGA Concise IntroductionbyMohamad Hekarl UzirMashitah Mat DonSchool of chemical EngineeringUniversiti Sains MalaysiaEngineering CampusSeri Ampangan14300 Nibong TebalPenangMALAYSIAP reface to the First ManuscriptBiochemical ENGINEERING has been offered as one of the elective courses to the Univer-siti Sains Malaysia s chemical ENGINEERING undergraduates since 1998 under the topic ofBioprocess ENGINEERING . The change of name from Bioprocess to BIOCHEMICAL Engineer-ing shows that the School of chemical ENGINEERING is very much aware of the currentdevelopment of the area that combines biology and biochemistry with ENGINEERING andtechnology.

2 The course might have changed its name, however, the core ingredients ofBiochemical ENGINEERING remain intact. New findings that evolve through research anddevelopment have been included so that the students are up-to-date with the most recenttechnology within the Lecture Notes Series has been used to cover BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING coursethat was usually offered to the Fourth Year, chemical ENGINEERING undergraduates. Thelectures combine the topics which were handled by both authors as well as previous fewacademics before us, to name a few; Associate Professor Ghasem Najapour (currently alecturer in Iran), Dr.

3 Long Wei Sing (currently a Humbolt Fellow in Germany) and Prasad Chaudhury (currently a lecturer in India). We greatly appreciate their helpand guidance towards compiling this manuscript. Not to forget, the second author whomentirely involved during the first arrangement of the course outline as well as its syllabusnearly a decade ago, and without her support and encouragement, this manuscript wouldnot have come into is hoped that this manuscript would be of use to the undergraduate students whoare taking the course as an elective or other similar courses that have some elements ofBiochemical ENGINEERING .

4 It could also be an additional reference to the postgraduatestudents undertaking research work that relate either entirely or only a small fraction ofBiochemical ENGINEERING field. This manuscript summarises and simplifies into a conciseform most of the details the topics that discussed in lengthy paragraphs within the mainBiochemical ENGINEERING manuscript could be easily downloaded form the website of the School of ChemicalEngineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia under the address: authors would like to welcome any comments from the readers both students andacademics alike so that the contents of this manuscript could be greatly improved.

5 Yourhelp and cooperation are very much UzirM. Mat Don(December 2007)School of chemical EngineeringUniversiti Sains MalaysiaPenangiAbout the AuthorsMASHITAH MAT DON, her Bachelor Degree, (Hons.) inBotany in 1988 from the University of Malaya. Right after her first degree, she remainedwith the University of Malaya for her Master Degree (MPhil.) in the area of Biotechnol-ogy. In 1992, she joined the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, (FRIM) for the periodof 3 years where she was actively involved with the research and development focusingon the exploration of Malaysia s tropical forest for the production of pharmaceutical andagrochemical products.

6 Most of her research while at FRIM, were based upon applyingthe core ENGINEERING and biological disciplines to the real life problems. Two main areaswhich include; microbial fermentation technology and process modelling have been hermajor work within the field of BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING . She left FRIM in 1995 and joinedthe School of chemical ENGINEERING , Universiti Sains Malaysia where she was appointedas the Programme Chairman of Bioprocess and Environmental Group for the period of 2years. Being a Programme Chairman at the time, she was assigned to compile a syllabusof Bioprocess ENGINEERING Course to be introduced as an elective within the Bachelor De-gree at the School of chemical ENGINEERING .

7 She was one of the pioneers in establishingBioprocess ENGINEERING to the undergraduate students which through years of revisionshas changed its name to BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING until this present days. She has writtenmany research articles for journals and proceedings both locally and internationally whileworking with FRIM as well as with Universiti Sains Malaysia and has also graduated anumber of postgraduate students since then. She received her Doctorate Degree, (PhD.)in 2005 from the University of Malaya in the area of BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING and hasrecently been elected as an Associate Professor at the School of chemical ENGINEERING ,Universiti Sains HEKARL UZIR, his Bachelor Degree, (Hons.)

8 In chemical ENGINEERING in 1999 from the University of Leeds, United Kingdom. Aftergraduation, he joined Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, (UTP) as a Trainee Lectureruntil July 2000. He then left UTP and joined Universiti Sains Malaysia where he receivedthe Fellowship Scheme to pursue for the higher degree courses. He received his MasterDegree, (MSc.) in Advanced chemical ENGINEERING in 2001 from the University of Londonand a Diploma of Imperial College, (DIC.) from Imperial College of Science, Technologyand Medicine, London. He completed his Doctorate Degree, (PhD.) in 2005 in the areaof BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING from the University of London where he was attached as aResearch Associate at the Advanced Centre for BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING , (ACBE) Uni-versity College London, United Kingdom.

9 He is now a Senior Lecturer at the School ofChemical ENGINEERING , Universiti Sains to the First ManuscriptiAbout the AuthorsiiContentsiii1 Batch and Continuous Batch culture .. Continuous culture .. Material balance for a continuous cultivation .. Advantages and disadvantages of different modes of operation of the stirredtank reactor ..52 Growth Rate: The Kinetics of Cell Monod growth kinetics ..73 Measurement of Cell Growth124 Effects of Environment on Cell Effect of Temperature .. Effect of pH .. Effect of Oxygen .. Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR).

10 Heat Generation by Microbial Growth ..215 Viable Cell Growth: The Stoichiometry of Microbial Medium Formulation and Yield Factors .. Material Balance of Cell Growth .. Degree of Reduction ..316 Fed-Batch Fed-Batch Model Formulation .. Comparison Between Fed-Batch and Continuous Bioreactors .. Advantages of Fed-Batch System .. Application of Fed-Batch System ..347 Mixing and Mass Macro-mixing .. Micro-mixing .. Methods for Characterising Mixing ..39iii8 Oxygen Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer .. Oxygen Transfer Rate .. Oxygen Consumption in Cell Growth.