Aggregates for Concrete

1 ACI Education Bulletin E1-07. Aggregates for Concrete Developed by ACI Committee E-701. First Printing August 2007.. American Concrete Institute Advancing Concrete knowledge Aggregates for Concrete Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI. The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occa- sionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect.

2 Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI. ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information. All information in this publication is provided as is without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.

3 ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regula- tions, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

4 Health and safety standards. Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI. Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP). American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331. Phone: 248-848-3700. Fax: 248-848-3701. ISBN 978-0-87031-248-9. ACI Education Bulletin E1-07. Aggregates FOR Concrete . Developed by Committee E-701, Materials for Concrete Construction David M. Suchorski, Chair Leonard W. Bell Morris S. Huffman Kenneth Rear Richard Bohan Colin Lobo Jere H.

5 Rose David Burg Stella L. Marusin Paul J. Tikalsky Darrell Elliot Ibrahim Metwally Kari Yuers James A. Farny Charles Nmai Robert Zellers Jose P. Garcia Anthony C. Powers Note: Special credit is extended to Ward R. Malisch, who developed the first edition and made an editorial contribution to this edition. CONTENTS Bulk density (replaces de-emphasized term unit weight ). Definition and test method Chapter 1 Introduction, p. E1-2 Factors affecting bulk density Particle shape, angularity, and surface texture Chapter 2 Classification of Aggregates , p. E1-2 Definition Test methods Chapter 3 aggregate properties and test methods, p. E1-2 Significance of particle shape and surface texture Grading Abrasion and impact resistance Definition and test method Definition and significance Fineness modulus Test method Maximum size and nominal maximum size Soundness Significance of aggregate grading Definition and mechanism of deterioration Permissible variations in grading Test methods Specific gravity (relative density)

6 Pop-outs Definition Chemical stability Determination of specific gravity Definition and reaction mechanisms Significance of specific gravity Test methods Corrective measures Absolute volume calculations Harmful substances in Aggregates Absorption and surface moisture Types of harmful substances Mixing water and water-cementitious material Effects of harmful substances ratio Test methods Absorption and total moisture content Surface moisture content Chapter 4 Sampling Aggregates , p. E1-20. Computing mixing water and water-cementitious Variability in Aggregates material ratio Sampling Adjusting batch masses for surface moisture Definition Alternate definition of surface moisture Significance of variability The Institute is not responsible for the statements or ACI Education Bulletin E1-07.

7 Supersedes E1-99. opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications Copyright 2007. American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any are not able to, nor intended to, supplant individual means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is supplier, of the information presented. obtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America.

8 E1-1. E1-2 ACI EDUCATION BULLETIN. Sampling plans recommended practices, classifications, and specifications Sampling methods that have been formally adopted by ASTM. New editions of Number and size of field samples the ASTM Book of Standards are issued annually, and all Sample containers references to these standards in this Bulletin refer to the most recent edition. Organizations such as ACI and others have Chapter 5 Blast-furnace slag Aggregates , p. E1-21 similar or additional standards that may be applicable. Blast-furnace slag Definition CHAPTER 2 CLASSIFICATION OF Aggregates . Properties Aggregates may be broadly classified as natural or artificial, Availability both with respect to source and to method of preparation.

9 Natural sands and gravels are the product of weathering and Chapter 6 Lightweight Aggregates , p. E1-21 the action of wind or water, while manufactured crushed fine Introduction to lightweight Aggregates aggregate and crushed stone coarse and fine aggregate are Definition of lightweight- aggregate Concrete produced by crushing natural stone. Crushing, screening, Low-density concretes and associated Aggregates and washing may be used to process Aggregates from either Structural lightweight Concrete and associated sand and gravel deposits or stone quarries. Aggregates Aggregates may be produced from igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic Moderate-strength lightweight Concrete and rocks, but geological type does not by itself make an aggregate associated Aggregates suitable or unsuitable for use in Concrete .

10 The acceptance of Properties an aggregate for use in Concrete on a particular job or in meeting a particular specification should be based upon specific Chapter 7 Recycled Aggregates , p. E1-23 information obtained from tests used to measure the aggregate 's Introduction to recycled Aggregates quality or, more importantly, its service record, or both. Definition More performance tests are also used to test Aggregates in Properties Concrete . A typical consensus specification for fine and coarse aggregate for Concrete is ASTM C 33. Chapter 8 Selected references on Aggregates , Synthetic Aggregates may be either byproducts of an industrial p. E1-24. process, in the case of blast-furnace slag, or products of Chapter 9 Glossary, p.