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Lemert, Edwin M.: Primary and Secondary Deviance
study.sagepub.comPage 7 of 8 Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory: Lemert, Edwin M.: Primary and Secondary Deviance However, Lemert's concepts experienced a rejuvenation in the 1990s as more empirically sound theoretical frameworks based upon labeling theory emerged. John Braithwaite's theory of reintegrative shaming and Lawrence Sherman's defiance theory