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DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
www.steel-insdag.orgσe = Euler buckling stress given by (1a) 2 π2E λ η = a parameter allowing for the effect of lack of straightness and eccentricity of loading. λ = Slenderness ratio given by (λ/r) In the deviation of the above formula, the imperfection factor η was based on (2) r2 y⋅∆ η=