シェールガス環境影響シリーズ ～その1：シェールガス開発 …

1 IEEJ 2013 7 1 1 2000 2 2007 8% 2011 30% 3 2040 50 4 1 2 3 1. 1,000 5,000 m 1 IEEJ 2013 7 2 2000 Vertical Drilling Horizontal Drilling

2 2000m 5 Well Casing 600m Conductor Casing Surface Casing Perforation Hydraulic Fracturing Fracturing Mixture Fracturing 10 1 100m 6 Drillout 7 200 300 8 Drill out IEEJ 2013 7 3 Flow back 30% 70%9 VOC 1 100m [ ]

3 600m1000m5000m IEEJ 2013 7 4 10 11 3 Vertical Drilling Horizontal Drilling Well Casing Perforation Hydraulic Fracturing Drill out Flow back IEEJ 2013 7 5 2.

4 Marcellus 1,000 ( 300m) 4,700 ( 1,400m) Marcellus 12 13 14 15 API 16 IEEJ 2013 7 6 17

5 Safe Drinking Water Act SDWA 1974 18 SDWA 1948 Clean Water Act19 EPA Underground Injection Control UIC 20 Clean Water Act EPA NPDES(National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) 21 EPA EPA 1% ( ) 1 Btu British thermal unit 1 22 IEEJ 2013 7 7 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( / / ) < < MIT(2011)

6 ,The Future of Natural Gas VOC 23 24 25 26 EPA Clean Air Act 2012 4 Reduced Emission Completions RECs VOC 27 28 RECs RECs 29

7 30 2011 EPA GHG 2013 2 IEEJ 2013 7 8 GHG 31 2 RECs Reduced Emission Completions RECs 95% 2 2000 2180 2009 EPA Reduced Emissions Completions for Hydraulically Fractured Natural Gas Wells 150 US Environmental Protection Agency 32 2012 7 2 33 34 2012 12 35 IEEJ 2013 7 9 3.

8 1940 250 60 36 10 2012 6 Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas World Energy Outlook Special Report on Unconventional Gas Golden Rules 7% 37 38 IEEJ 2013 7 10 39

9 40,41 International Energy Agency 2012 Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas Broderick et al(2011) Shale gas: an updated assessment of environmental and climate change impacts, Tyndall Center Broomfield et al 2012 Support to the identification of potential risks for the environment and human health arising from hydrocarbons operations involving hydraulic fracturing in Europe,AEA #search='support+to+the+identification+o f+potential+risk+for+the+environment+and +human+health' Groat et al(2012), Fact-Based Regulation for Environmental Protection in Shale Gas Development, The Energy Institute Flawn Academic Center, The University of Texas [1].

10 Pdf Hyland et al(2013), Realizing the Potential of Unconventional Natural Gas,CISIS Krupnick et al(2013), Pathways to Dialogue What the Experts Say about the Environmental Risks of Shale Gas Development, Resources for the Future MIT Energy Initiative(2011),The Future of Natural Gas 2011 1 2 2012 2 BP Statistical Review 2012 3 4 USDOE(2013), Annual Energy Outlook 2013 IEEJ 2013 7 11 (2013).