1. Cold chain, vaccines and safe-injection equipment ...

1 ORIGINAL : ENGLISHI mmunization, vaccines and BiologicalsTraining for mid-level managers (MLM)Estimating needsStorage Distributionand transportMonitoring and supervision1. cold chain , vaccines and safe-injection equipment managementL=D$>K7$%-#%&IgV^c^c\ [dg b^Y"aZkZa bVcV\Zgh BAB BdYjaZ & / 8daY X]V^c! kVXX^cZh VcY hV[Z"^c_ZXi^dc Zfj^ebZci bVcV\ZbZciBdYjaZ & / 8daY X]V^c! kVXX^cZh VcY hV[Z"^c_ZXi^dc Zfj^ebZci bVcV\ZbZciIgV^c^c\ [dg b^Y"aZkZa bVcV\Zgh BAB " L=D$>K7$%-#%&The Department of Immunization, vaccines and Biologicalsthanks the donors whose unspecified financial supporthas made the production of this publication publication was produced by theExpanded Programme on Immunizationof the Department of Immunization, vaccines and BiologicalsOrdering code : WHO/ : 2008 This publication is available on the Internet at may be requested from :World Health OrganizationDepartment of Immunization, vaccines and BiologicalsCH-1211 Geneva 27, SwitzerlandFax.]]

2 + 41 22 791 4227 | Email : World Health Organization 2008 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel : +41 22 791 3264 ; fax : +41 22 791 4857 ; email : Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax : +41 22 791 4806 ; email : The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.))

3 Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied.

4 The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed by the WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, SwitzerlandBdYjaZ & / 8daY X]V^c! kVXX^cZh VcY hV[Z"^c_ZXi^dc Zfj^ebZci bVcV\ZbZciIgV^c^c\ [dg b^Y"aZkZa bVcV\Zgh BAB " L=D$>K7$%-#%&?djheZkYj_ed je j^[ i[h_[iThis new series of modules on immunization training for mid-level managers replaces the version published in 1991. As there have been many changes in immunization since that time, these modules have been designed to provide immunization managers with up-to-date technical information and explain how to recognize management and technical problems and to take corrective action and how to make the best use of and more new, life-saving vaccines are becoming available, yet the introduction of a new vaccine does not necessarily require a separate plan and separate training.]]]]

5 This new series for mid-level managers integrates training for new vaccine introduction into each subject addressed by the modules. In this way, introduction of new vaccines is put into its day-to-day context as part of the comprehensive range of activities required to improve immunization the context of these modules, mid-level managers are assumed to work in secondary administrative levels, such as a province; however, the modules can also be used at national level. For district managers (third administrative level), a publication on immunization in practice 1 is widely available. As it contains a large amount of technical detail, it is also recommended for mid-level managers writing these modules, the authors tried to include essential topics for mid-level managers, while keeping the modules brief and easy to use.

6 They are intended to complement other published materials and guidelines, some of which are referred to in the text. Many more documents are available on the CD-ROM which accompanies this series. Each module is organized in a series of steps, in which technical information is followed by learning activities. Some knowledge and experience are needed to complete the learning activities, but even new readers should be imaginative and constructive in making responses. Facilitators should also be aware that the responses depend on the national context. Thus, there are no absolutely right or wrong answers, and the series does not set down new policies or rules.

7 The authors hope that the readers of these modules will find them informative, easy to read and an enjoyable learning in the mid-level managers seriesModule 1 : cold chain , vaccines and safe-injection equipment managementModule 2 : Partnering with communitiesModule 3 : Immunization safetyModule 4 : Supportive supervisionModule 5 : Monitoring the immunization systemModule 6 :Making a comprehensive annual national immunization plan and budgetModule 7 : The EPI coverage surveyModule 8 : Making disease surveillance work1 Immunization in practice : A practical guide for health staff. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004>BdYjaZ & / 8daY X]V^c!

8 KVXX^cZh VcY hV[Z"^c_ZXi^dc Zfj^ebZci bVcV\ZbZciIgV^c^c\ [dg b^Y"aZkZa bVcV\Zgh BAB " L=D$>K7$%-#%&7 Yademb[Z][c[djiThis new series of modules on immunization training for mid-level managers is the result of team work between a large number of partners including theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), IMMUNIZATION basics, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF), United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The authors are especially grateful to the consultants from the University of South Australia who have made a major contribution to the development of the modules.]]]]

9 >>BdYjaZ & / 8daY X]V^c! kVXX^cZh VcY hV[Z"^c_ZXi^dc Zfj^ebZci bVcV\ZbZciIgV^c^c\ [dg b^Y"aZkZa bVcV\Zgh BAB " L=D$>K7$%-#%&9edj[djiIntroduction to the seriesIModules in the mid-level managers seriesIAcknowledgementsIIAbbreviations and AcronymsIVIntroduction to Module 11 Purpose of this module11. Estimating vaccine and safe-injection equipment Estimating vaccine and safe-injection equipment needs based on target Estimating vaccine and safe-injection equipment needs based on previous consumption52. Storage of vaccines and safe-injection Storing Storing safe-injection Estimating storage Calculating existing storage Adapting to changing cold - chain storage needs283.]]

10 Distribution and Bundling AD syringes with Preparing a distribution plan for vaccines and safe-injection Collection of waste384. Monitoring and Indicators to monitor vaccine and safe-injection Stock Temperature Using the VVM to monitor the quality of vaccine Reducing vaccine Supervision47 Annex 1: Key references48 Annex 2: Indicative wastage rates for vaccines49 Annex 3: The shake test50 Annex 4: Reading the VVM52 Annex 5: Product information ( vaccines and refrigerators)54 Unit volumes for vaccines and diluents54 Storage volumes for refrigerators and freezers55 Unit volumes for safe-injection equipment55 Annex 6: Example of a cold - chain equipment inventory form56 Annex 7.