2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective ...

1 European Heart Journal (2015) 36, 3075 3123 ESC Guidelines . 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis The Task Force for the management of infective endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Authors/Task Force Members: Gilbert Habib* (Chairperson) (France), Patrizio Lancellotti* (co-Chairperson) (Belgium), Manuel J. Antunes (Portugal), Maria Grazia Bongiorni (Italy), Jean-Paul Casalta (France), Francesco Del Zotti (Italy), Raluca Dulgheru (Belgium), Gebrine El Khoury (Belgium), Paola Anna Erbaa (Italy), Bernard Iung (France), Jose M. Mirob (Spain), Barbara J.

2 Mulder (The Netherlands), Edyta Plonska-Gosciniak (Poland), Susanna Price (UK), Jolien Roos-Hesselink (The Netherlands), Ulrika Snygg-Martin (Sweden), Franck Thuny (France), Pilar Tornos Mas (Spain), Isidre Vilacosta (Spain), and Jose Luis Zamorano (Spain). Document Reviewers: etin Erol (CPG Review Coordinator) (Turkey), Petros Nihoyannopoulos (CPG Review Coordinator) (UK), Victor Aboyans (France), Stefan Agewall (Norway), George Athanassopoulos (Greece), Saide Aytekin (Turkey), Werner Benzer (Austria), He ctor Bueno (Spain), Lidewij Broekhuizen (The Netherlands), Scipione Carerj (Italy), Bernard Cosyns (Belgium), Julie De Backer (Belgium), Michele De Bonis (Italy), Konstantinos Dimopoulos (UK), Erwan Donal (France), Heinz Drexel (Austria), Frank Arnold Flachskampf (Sweden), Roger Hall (UK), Sigrun Halvorsen (Norway), Bruno Hoenb (France), Paulus Kirchhof (UK/Germany), * Corresponding authors.

3 Gilbert Habib, Service de Cardiologie, De La Timone, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France, Tel: +33 4 91 38 75 88, Fax: +33 4 91 38 47 64, Email: Patrizio Lancellotti, University of Lie`ge Hospital, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, Departments of Cardiology, Heart Valve Clinic, CHU Sart Tilman, Lie`ge, Belgium GVM Care and Research, Health Science Foundation, Lugo (RA), Italy, Tel: +3243667196, Fax: +3243667194, Email: ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG) and National Cardiac Societies document reviewers: listed in the Appendix ESC entities having participated in the development of this document: ESC Associations: Acute Cardiovascular Care Association (ACCA), European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR), European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), Heart Failure Association (HFA).

4 ESC Councils: Council for Cardiology Practice (CCP), Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions (CCNAP), Council on Cardiovascular Primary Care (CCPC). ESC Working Groups: Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy, Cardiovascular Surgery, Grown-up Congenital Heart Disease, Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases, Pulmonary Circulation and Right Ventricular Function, Thrombosis, Valvular Heart Disease. The content of these European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines has been published for personal and educational use only. No commercial use is authorized. No part of the ESC. Guidelines may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from the ESC. Permission can be obtained upon submission of a written request to Oxford Uni- versity Press, the publisher of the European Heart Journal and the party authorized to handle such permissions on behalf of the ESC.

5 Disclaimer. The ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their publication. The ESC is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy and/or ambiguity between the ESC Guidelines and any other official recom- mendations or Guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies. Health professionals are encour- aged to take the ESC Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient's health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient's caregiver.

6 Nor do the ESC Guidelines exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or Guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient's case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations. It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription. & The European Society of Cardiology 2015. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: 3076 ESC Guidelines Mitja Lainscak (Slovenia), Adelino F. Leite-Moreira (Portugal), Gregory Lip (UK), Carlos A.

7 Mestresc (Spain/United Arab Emirates), Massimo F. Piepoli (Italy), Prakash P. Punjabi (UK), Claudio Rapezzi (Italy), Raphael Rosenhek (Austria), Kaat Siebens (Belgium), Juan Tamargo (Spain), and David M. Walker (UK). The disclosure forms of all experts involved in the development of these Guidelines are available on the ESC website a Representing the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM); bRepresenting the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID); and c Representing the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Online publish-ahead-of-print 29 August 2015. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Keywords endocarditis Cardiac imaging Valve disease Echocardiography Prognosis Guidelines Infection.

8 Nuclear imaging Cardiac surgery Cardiac device Prosthetic heart valves Congenital heart disease . Pregnancy Prophylaxis Prevention Table of Contents Abbreviations and acronyms ..3077 Penicillin-resistant oral streptococci and Streptococcus bovis 1. Preamble ..3078 group ..3092. 2. Justification/scope of the problem ..3079 Streptococcus pneumoniae, beta-haemolytic streptococci 3. Prevention ..3079 (groups A, B, C, and G) ..3092. Rationale ..3079 Granulicatella and Abiotrophia (formerly nutritionally Population at risk ..3080 variant streptococci) ..3094. Situations and procedures at risk ..3081 Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Dental procedures ..3081 staphylococci ..3094. Other at-risk procedures ..3081 Methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Prophylaxis for dental procedures.

9 3081 staphylococci ..3094. Prophylaxis for non-dental procedures ..3082 Enterococcus spp..3094. Respiratory tract procedures ..3082 Gram-negative bacteria ..3096. Gastrointestinal or genitourinary procedures ..3082 HACEK-related species ..3096. Dermatological or musculoskeletal procedures ..3082 Non-HACEK species ..3097. Body piercing and tattooing ..3082 Blood culture negative infective endocarditis ..3097. Cardiac or vascular interventions ..3082 Fungi ..3097. Healthcare-associated infective endocarditis ..3082 Empirical therapy ..3097. 4. The endocarditis Team' ..3083 Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy for infective 5. Diagnosis ..3084 endocarditis ..3098. Clinical features ..3084 8. Main complications of left-sided valve infective endocarditis and Laboratory findings.

10 3084 their management ..3099. Imaging techniques ..3084 Heart failure ..3099. Echocardiography ..3084 Heart failure in infective endocarditis ..3099. Multislice computed tomography ..3086 Indications and timing of surgery in the presence of Magnetic resonance imaging ..3087 heart failure in infective endocarditis ..3100. Nuclear imaging ..3087 Uncontrolled infection ..3100. Microbiological diagnosis ..3087 Persisting infection ..3100. Blood culture positive infective endocarditis ..3087 Perivalvular extension in infective endocarditis ..3100. Blood culture negative infective endocarditis ..3088 Indications and timing of surgery in the Histological diagnosis of infective endocarditis ..3088 presence of uncontrolled infection in infective Proposed strategy for a microbiological diagnostic endocarditis .