3 Materials 1 - VKC-Water

1 33 MMaatteerriiaallssCIRIA C68363113344110099887766552233 MMaatteerriiaallssCIRIA C68364 CCHHAAPPTTEERR 33 Introduction.. Materials considerations for concept stage.. Scale of project .. Planning and timescales .. Top sizes of armour .. Rock source and procurement options .. Holistic considerations .. Cost of project.. Towards preliminary design.. Important design functions and properties of Materials .. Functions of Materials in the structure .. material properties .. Durability considerations .. Mitigation strategies for low-durability scenarios of rock armour .. Durability considerations for material other than armourstone.. Standards for armourstone.. Quarried rock overview of properties and functions.. Introduction to quarried rock.

2 Introduction to engineering geology .. Quarry evaluation principles .. Properties and functions general.. Quarried rock intrinsic properties .. Aesthetic properties of armourstone .. Petrographic properties .. Mass density, porosity and water absorption .. Phase relations .. Density definitions .. Degree of saturation in stability calculations .. Density variation in a quarry .. Mass density as a durability indicator .. Mass density as a design parameter.. Resistance to breakage and armourstone integrity .. Armourstone resistance to wear .. Quarried rock production-induced properties .. Shape .. Length-to-thickness ratio (LT) .. Blockiness (BLc) .. Cubicity .. Roundness.. Proportion of crushed or broken surfaces.

3 Shape for specification purposes .. 104 CCoonntteennttssCIRIA Shape for design and dimensioning purposes .. Factors controlling armourstone shape during quarry production .. Dimensions of pieces of armourstone.. Size and mass distribution of armourstone gradings.. Grading width and common terminology.. EN 13383 system for standardisation of gradings.. Rosin-Rammler curves for mass and size distributions and idealisedgradings.. Graphical illustration of EN 13383 standard grading curves.. Fragments and effective mean mass, Mem.. Requirements and compliance of EN 13383 standard gradings .. Additional information on EN 13383 standard gradings .. Relationship between Memand M50, and grading widths includingpractical experience .. Non-standard gradings.

4 Core Materials .. Core Materials terminology .. Core Materials in a design context.. Calculating the porosity of bulk-placed Materials .. Quarried rock construction-induced properties .. Layer thickness and porosity of individually placed armourstone .. Importance of layer thickness coefficient ktand porosity nv.. Effect of rock density on design parameters .. Rock quality, durability and service-life prediction .. Introduction .. Durability and degradation.. Procedure for source evaluation of rock quality .. Principles of degradation modelling .. In-service degradation models for general wear of armourstone.. Micro-Deval (MDE) method.. Armourstone quality designation (AQD) method .. Comparison between MDE and AQD methods.. Modelling degradation due to breakages.

5 Effects of minor breakages and major breakage .. Quantitative effect of breakages on armourstone grading usingstatistical model.. Prediction of the effect of major breakages using a dedicateddegradation model specific for breakage.. Summary of recommendations for degradation modelling .. Preparing the armourstone specification .. EU context.. Non-EU context .. Testing and measuring .. Sampling .. 16133 MMaatteerriiaallssCIRIA Testing of physical properties.. Petrography .. Aesthetic properties .. Rock density, water absorption and porosity.. Testing properties of individual pieces of armourstone .. Shape.. Mass and size.. Testing geometrical properties of armourstone as a granular material .. Shape.. Mass distribution.. Mechanical properties.

6 Resistance to breakage .. Armourstone integrity .. Durability and accelerated weathering tests.. Freeze and thaw test.. Salt crystallisation test.. Test for breakdown by sonnenbrand .. Non-European tests and other source evaluation tests.. Chemical analysis, organic matter and leaching tests .. Quarry operations .. Exploration and evaluation.. Quarry evaluation of armourstone in general.. New armourstone quarry in a greenfield site .. Principles of armourstone yield assessment.. Assessment ofin situblock size distribution, IBSD.. Scanline mapping of discontinuities .. IBSD by Wang s equation method.. IBSD by the dissection method .. IBSD by 3D stochastic network modelling .. IBSD from drill core data .. Blasting and blast design.

7 Factors affecting blasting for armourstone .. Fragmentation processes .. Comparison of armourstone and aggregates blast design .. Suggestions for improving the yields of armourstone .. Prediction and assessment of yield curves .. Kuz-Ram Model .. Bond-Ram Models .. KCO model.. Simplified guidance for BBSD prediction .. Mass distribution assessment by image analysis .. Photo-scanline methods .. Direct screening and block measurement methods .. Matching yield curves and demand .. Quarry layout .. Extraction face .. 212 CCoonntteennttssCIRIA Sorting and selection .. Secondary breakage .. Stockpiling .. Loading areas .. Selection, sorting and processing .. Production technique for heavy armourstone.. Production technique for coarse armourstone and lighter gradings oflight armourstone.

8 Production technique for core material directly from muckpile .. Technologies for the different selection or processing methods.. Secondary breakage of oversized stones .. Handling and transport at the quarry .. Choosing loaders and trucks .. Placing wire loops in stones .. Loading trucks or trains at the quarry.. Quality control of armourstone .. Production quality control .. Quarry inspection .. Quality control during deliveries and construction.. Third-party quality control.. Armourstone costs.. Concrete armour units .. Properties.. Historical development of concrete armour units.. Classification and structural strength of concrete armour units.. Description of concrete armour units .. Intrinsic properties.. Widely used units .. Cubic-type blocks.

9 Hollow units .. Interlocking units used in a double layer .. Interlocking units used in a single layer .. Layer placement dimensions .. Production and placement .. Formworks and moulds .. Casting of concrete armour units.. Control of the production .. Storage .. Placement .. Recycled and secondary Materials .. Types of alternative material .. Mechanical and chemical properties .. Experience from existing uses in hydraulic structures .. 26933 MMaatteerriiaallssCIRIA Environmental risk analysis .. Status of knowledge .. Gabions.. Classification of gabions .. Gabion components.. Properties of gabion mesh .. Specification for durable gabion stone.. Properties of gabion stone .. Physical properties of gabions .. Hydraulic properties of gabions.

10 Applications of gabions .. Grouted stone Materials .. Concrete grouts.. Bituminous bound Materials .. Asphaltic concrete.. Asphalt mastic .. Asphalt grout .. Open stone asphalt.. Lean sand asphalt.. Geotextiles and geosystems .. Functions of geotextiles.. Types of geotextile.. Non-woven geotextiles .. Woven geotextiles.. Geotextile properties and testing .. Construction issues .. Geotextile specification .. References .. Publications .. Standards.. ASTM .. British standards.. Euronorms .. French standards .. ISO .. EC Directive .. 2994 Physical site conditionsand data collection9 Construction10 Monitoring, inspection,maintenance and repairFFllooww cchhaarrttCIRIA C68369113344110099887766552233 MMaatteerriiaallssCChhaapptteerr 33presents guidance on material properties for use in inputs from other chapters Chapter 2 pprroojjeecctt rreeqquuiirreemmeennttssKey outputs to other chapters mmaatteerriiaall pprrooppeerrttiieess Chapters 5 to 10 NNOOTTEE::The project process is iitteerraattiivvee.