日本の工業化住宅(プレハブ住宅)の産業と技術の変遷 4

1 ( ) 4. Transition of the Industrialized Housing-Prefab Housing-in Japan, its Industry and Engineering Takeshi Togo .. 1 .. 2 .. 3 . 4 . 5 .. Abstract With the economy boom after the Second World War, there was the need for a great quantity of housing for every country involved in the war. Mass production housing (prefabricated housing) was achieved, tested and commercialized. However, for most countries, this method did not attain complete success and development as the primary new way of building houses. Of all the countries in the world, only in Japan has this method become the primary new method for building low-rise detached houses. Prefab housing manufacturers became commercially successful and formed a major group of industries. The primary factors for their success was the fact that the Japanese compared to Europeans tend to live in low rise, detached houses, even in the metropolitan areas. The market in Japan is also blessed with a comparatively concentrated geography, contrary to being wide dispersed, as is the case in the USA.

2 However, those involved in the prefab field did not simply view this method as only system for industrialized mass production method. A critical reason of their success is also the fact they have viewed this method as the system that values performance and quality. The prefab systems have also played a major influence in the new way of living and the high performance for living to the Japanese traditional housing industry by sharing advanced, modern industrialized components. These influences have raised the overall quality of the Japanese housing industry. Chapter 1 takes a historical look at the birth of prefab housing as a rather simple, small single-storied housing, its growth as a result of major changes in economic and social conditions, and its eventual role as a leader in the Japanese housing industry as it undergoes transition to the industry that values high performance. In Chapter 2, we examine Japan's distinct, closed systems that belong to different companies by their construction materials.

3 Steel-based, concrete-based, and wood-based. We explain the points where the systems differ from, and how these differences came about. Chapter 3 explains the performance standards of an industrialized house after the certification and the extension of specifications based on these standards. In Chapter 4, we introduce examples of recent collaborative research by the industry and the challenges being tackled by R&D. today In Chapter 5, we provide a simple introduction to the certification of housing components, which co-exist with industrialized housing like the wheels in a car. We also describe how specifications of major components develop. Profile Contents 231. Takeshi Togo 1. 233. 2. 256. 3. 278. 35 . 4. 301. 36 . 42 5. 310. 47 313. 4 . 11 . 14 . 16 .. 30 . 1955 .. prefabrication . 38 1963 1 .. 48 1973 .. 20 4 .. 40 .. ( ) 231. 2 . 1983. 4 .. 60 .. 3 40 .. 4 . 1983. 11.. 1948 12 . 5 . 1987. 4.. 6 1993. 6.. building construction .. construction method.

4 Industrialized House .. 232 1 .. *3 .. 1851 J.. 4 3 . 1 4 .. 5 1. 3 .. 1942 *4 *5. 1851 *1 .. 6 .. 1919 . W .. 1927 20 35 1945 1960 . Trocken Montagebau/ 20 .. 2 3 .. 20 .. 7 .. *2. 20 . ( ) 233.. 25 1950 . 20 .. 30 . 10 .. 8 . 25 1. 1. 4 6 .. 30 1955 .. 25 1950 .. 30 1955 . 10 14 . 25 .. 20 *6.. 1. 5 9 .. 25 .. 30 .. *7 .. 10 .. 11 . 1. 7 .. 12 .. 13 . 234 3mm .. *8.. 1. 8 .. *9. 30 . 1. 9 *8. 30 .. 30 . 15 .. 1. 11 . *10.. 30 1955 .. 1. 10 . 22. 7mm 27. ( ) 235.. 1. 13 . *8. 35 .. 35 48 1960 1973 .. 34 1959 .. 10 m2 35 1960 . 4 3 8 . 2 .. A 1. 14 36 1961 . 1 . 30 1. 15 .. 2 1. 16 . 1. 17 B 1. 18 .. 1. 12 . *8. 34 35 *8. 236 1 36 *8. 38 *8. 1 36 *8. 2 39 *8. 37 *8. R2N 40 *8. 38 *8.. 2 .. 1. 19 22 42 *8.. 38 . 1963 2 . 42 . 1967 35 1960 . GDP 10 . GDP . 1. 23 . ( ) 237. 3 1 37 1962 . 34 38 1963 . 48 1 1 .. 37 . 27 21 2009 . 42 43 98 .. 1. 24 . GDP . 20 6 . GDP . GDP 5% 10% . 47 . 30 .. 16, 17 .. NK .. ALC .. 36 1961 . 238 . ( ) .. 239. 145 17 . 1 16 7 1.

5 26 . 18 .. 2 .. 19 . 1969 HUD Operation Breakthrough . 1. 25 .. 1. 1 21 2009 .. *11. Operation Breakthrough .. mobile home . Operation Breakthrough . 45 1970 . 20 112 .. DAIOS'70 .. 240 .. 25 . 30 10 ( . 35 .. 37 8 8 .. 39.. 5 9 19 9 23 50 . 40 8 8 . 4 8 . BCJ .. 44. BCJ .. S41 45 7 9 10 19 12 14 29 57 . 45 7 8 .. 4 7 . 48 . 12 12 21 21 . 50 10 28 34 40 60 . 7 7 .. 52.. 53 . 54 . 4 8 14 34 12 19 27 61 . 55 3 3 9 10 12 14 23 28 . 1 1 .. 57.. 12 33 13 40 11 19 25 107 . 60 . 4 7 10 18 10 25 . 62 . BCJ 4 9 11 43 11 22 24 74 . 2 .. 1 1 4 4 4 5 . 4 .. BCJ 4 9 10 43 9 20 20 73 . 7. 3 5 6 7 8 12 . 9 . 17 46 19 62 15 29 19 64 . 12.. 17 14 25 16 24 11 15 16 32 . 18 . 19 ( ).. 2 . 30 40 .. 1 .. 1. 27 .. *8. 37 . ( ) 241. 3 48 1973 .. 1. 24 . 49 1974 30 .. 50 1975 . 53 1978 . 55 1980 60 1985 . 120 .. 4 .. 1. 28 . 47 1972 . 1989 17 42,786 . 3,093 18,732 20,961 . 40 1965 .. 47 1972 .. 48 1973 .. 49 60 1974 1985 .. 47 1972 185 . 242 .. 55 *8.. 16% . O 1. 29 . 2.)

6 2 .. 51 1976 .. 55 21 . 55 1980 500 .. 20 90 . TOPS .. 3 .. 55 . 55 .. 55 1. 32 34 .. 55 . O *8. 51 2 .. 1. 30 31 . 55 55 *8. 50 *8. ( ) 243.. 20 .. 43 .. 55 56 *8 . 55 57 *8 . ABC . 52 *8 EX 60 *8. 62 . *8. 56 .. 60 3 1985 1991 .. 50 . 62 1987 2 . 1990 4 150 *8. 1989 61 . 244 . 47 . 61 *8. 61 *8. 62 *8. 61 *8. *8. 62 *8. 54 .. 56 *8.. 1 . 40 . 50 2008 .. ( ) 245. 54 1979 .. 1. 2 60 1985 . 21 .. 1. 3 . 1. 2 . 2 .. 1 . 2 3 . 4 . 5 . 5.. 1. 4 . 246 .. 3 14 1991 2002 .. 3 1991 . 7 1995 . 9 1997 4 3% . 5% .. 9 1997 . 10 .. 4 1992 4 .. ( ) 247.. 5000 6434 . 10 . 15 1. 48 .. 1. 5 .. 21 2009 .. 33,906 .. 20 . 1. 50 .. 7 1995 1 17 . 248 . 2002.. 10 . 32 7 22 .. 1. 51 .. 52 1. 6 .. * .. 2 .. 11 1999 6 . 3 . 1 .. ( ) 249.. 1-1 . 1-2 .. 1-3 .. 1 1-4 .. 1-5 . A) B) B .. 1-6 .. 1-7 H12 2000 1498 9748 11246 78 0 78 2-1 H13 2001 13214 48457 61671 6221 8867 15088 2-2 H14 2002 24706 68939 93645 16251 31616 47867 - - .. H15 2003 42036 95178 137214 30302 53347 83649 2-3.

7 - - H16 2004 54061 109177 163238 40711 6938 1110092 2 . 2-4 H17 2005 58217 137077 195294 46829 71570 118399 2-5 H18 2006 61945 193562 255507 48500 100375 148875 . H19 2007 61109 156341 217450 51683 152545 204228 2-6 . H20 2008 65550 134547 200097 55976 136630 192606 . 2-7 - - . 3 . 3-1 - - 2 .. 4-1 . 4 . 4-2 - - .. 4-3 - - .. 4-4 - 1 - 1. 5 .. 5-1 - - . 6-1 - - 6-2 - - . 6 . 6-2 .. 6-3 .. 6-4 - - 3 . 6-5 - - . 7 7-1 .. 7-2 .. 8-1 - - - 8 8-2 - - - 10 . 8-3 - - - . 8-4 - - . 9 9-1 .. 9-2 - - .. 10 . 10-1 .. 11 11-1 . - - .. 11-2 . - - .. 1 1 14 21 2002 2009 . 19 4 1 .. 1. 7 .. 15 2003 GDP .. 250 120 1. 24 18% 40% . 2. 4% 5% . 1.. 53 20% 50% .. 0% 100% .. 1000 500 .. 16% 50% . 13% 23% . 30 40 .. 37% 50% .. 3 40m2 4 .. 50m2 .. 29% 75% .. 4999 . 5759 13. 1 . 22 .. 75 44 . 30 200 .. 18 2006 6 20 2008 .. 5 .. 27 2015 .. 5 . 1.. 2016 2.. 3.. 75% 90% 4.. 5.. 10% 25% 5 4 .. ( ) 251. 21 1 .. / .. / / -21 .. ( ) .. 1 / .. 2 1 .. Ver . 200 CHS NEXT- .. 21 . 21 2009 6.

8 -21 .. 20 CO2 . 20 2008 . CO2 5 . CO2 . CO2.. 21 2009 CO2 . 311 75 .. 4 . 1. 8 1 .. 2 . 3 CO2 . 4 CO2 . 21 2009 4 . 21 . 1 .. 252 1 . 21 2009 .. 1 .. 20 2008 . CO2 .. 21 2009 6 .. 9 . 1. 9 .. 3 .. 3 .. ( ) 253.. *. 1 .. p115 *. 75 55 2 20 .. p87 . *. 3 .. p42 *. 3 4 . 10 5 p4 *. 5 .. p14 *. 3 6 . *. 7 p168 . *. 600 2009 2010 8 .. 500 1. 10 . *. 9 p38 *. 10 .. p118 *. 11 .. 715 p75 . 1 . 2 . 11 p52 . *1 . 3 .. 11 p53 5 . *2 . 4 .. 5 p8 5 . p126-137 1 3 1/2 6 . 1 5 1/2 p1-9 7 . p6-9 8 .. p10-24 9 . p63-69 254 10 . 17 . 22 5 1947 5 . p17- . 25 11 . 18 . p15-22 . 12 . p263-266 19 . 13 .. p20-22 715 p72-77 14 20 . 726 727 p1-6 p1-3 15 . 21 55 55 . p114-119 p54-55 16 . 22 20 . p137-150 p59 ( ) 255. 2 . 30 .. 3 . 30 . H. 80% .. 30 . 2 .. 30 . 1955 .. 256 .. 30 1955 . 2 4 . *1 31 . 1956 . 1400 10 . 5000 .. 1 *1. C-100 50 20 .. 34 1959 . 2 60 30 .. H .. 20 .. ( ) 257. *2 .. a .. 1 2.. 48 . 1973 . a b .. b .. 1000mm .. *3. 258 B *4. a C .. - *5.. b C . a.

9 B .. 940mm . 6 3 945mm . C *6. 1820mm 60mm . 1880mm 1/2 940mm .. ( ) 259. C .. b G .. 3 910mm .. a b .. G .. G . *7.. a G .. 6 3 3 1 5. 1910mm 955mm . 4 .. 260 .. double module .. 6 . 1820 3 910 *8.. 960mm 80mm .. 1 . single module 900mm .. *9.. a . *10.. [Rahmen: ] .. b . ( ) 261.. 610mm . 609mm ALC .. 305mm ALC .. 305mm .. 31 .. *11. M-1 . *13. *12.. M-1. *13. 262 *16. M-3 . *14. *17. M-3 . *15.. 2500mm . *18.. 3800mm . Operation Breakthrough GE .. 52 1977 - *19.. 2. 32 36 . *20. ( ) 263. 2 PALC ALC . 55. 56 1981 1989 . PALC .. 3 4 . 2 . 3 4 .. 3 . 2 .. H .. 2. 37 2. 41 . *21. - .. DSQ .. 2. 42 2. 47 .. 264 DSQ . *24. *22. *24. *23.. 3 . *24 DSQ .. H .. 2. 48 2. 51 . ( ) 265.. 250 *25. *28 *29.. *26. *28 *29.. *27. *28 *29.. *28. - *26. 266 .. 45 . 1970 . DPTS Daiwa Prefab Total System .. XY .. IT , .. 20 . 1mm .. ( ) 267.. 1 .. *30.. *31 .. PRTR . *32. 268 . 35 1960 . T&S .. A .. *33 *34. *36. A *33. *36. A . T&S .. *36.. *35 . 2 .. 2 .. 3 900mm.

10 *37.. ( ) 269. *38. *37. 2 *39.. 40 .. 900mm . 210mm .. *40.. 2 *40 *41. 270 *41.. *44. *42. 2R *43.. *45.. 30 .. ( ) 271.. 1 *49.. *46. 1 17 *49.. *47 21 1946 .. 5 6 .. PREMOS .. PRE . M O S . *50 .. *48 7 . 8 9 10 .. 11 .. 4 .. 272 F *53. *51.. F *54. 37 1962 38 . *52 .. 1 F . 910 . 2 .. ( ) 273. *58.. 2 C . 3 55 . F 55 .. 55 . 55 .. 50-55 1975-1980 . 2 4 55 . 40 55 . 55 . 1 2 .. *55 .. 910mm 90mm . 2 . 3 3 .. *59 *60. C *56. *61. C *57. 274 .. *63.. 55 . *62.. *63 . 14 . *63.. 19 20 .. *63. *63.. *63. ( ) 275. T p26 * *. 1 24 3 . p112 p27-28 * *. 2 50 25 . p696 p11 * *. 3 26 . p140 p9 * *. 4 27 . 5 p13 p6 * *. 5 28 . p5 p58 * *. 6 29 p8 . C p33 * *. 7 xevo 30 .. p6 p53 * *. 8 / 31 . p26 22 5 1947 5 .. *. 9 *. RA p98 32 . *. 10 27 p15-16 *. RA p66 33 .. *. 11 5 . p16 *. D E p15 34 . *. 12 p132-133 *. D E p8 35 . *. 13 p51-59 *. 5 p38 36 . *. 14 p15-16 *. p14-15 37 SD .. *. 15 p73 *. p7 38 .. p16 * *. 16 39 . J p9 * *. 17 40 .. p4 * *. 18 41 . p1-2 S p8-9 * *.