5. e«ik¢ R‰¿íŸs jÅk§fŸ k‰W« nr®k§fŸ

1 5. e ik R s j k f k W nr k f . v d gh, v d rh . W brh f? gh J 100. v ts rj j . fy a gh ! J sh ? a bghU f tiff . nkny c s ciuahliy go J a bghUis v thW bj J. gh f . a gh k W a bfh f ? v w brh fis mo fo ga gL J. xU bghU ml , cUF iy, nwhkh? f a' v D . m a . brh iy nf L a fsh? x yf v , fl J w . k W gh a j ik ngh w g fis rhjhuzkhd k j f f . it J xUt a bghUis bj J. nzh l xU a bghU v gJ. bfh syh . m goba wh , a fy glk w bghUis F gnj MF . vL J fh lhf, eh Rth F bghUis v thW tiuaW f ? fh W ika wJ, njngh eh a a Kiw f Koahj mU J gh ika wJ. y iyahd ia k W iyahd rka f e Kila mDgt . g fis bg U gnj a a gU bghU fis v bfh s ne L . m j iy xnu xU bghUshF . bghUis bg wnj ajhF . eh . rh whf iu vL J bfh lh . eh njhW ga gL J f . mJ xU t k ly mG j . fh g c sJ. mnjngh W thiy to , a r fiu, rika nrhlh 100 C bfh wJ k W 0 C . ngh wit a bghU fshF . ciw wJ. g ntW _y f U J. bgw g l a u L iA u# . k W X M # k L c sd. eh Rth F fh W abghU t iw a a Kiwf f m W. Mdh , mJ g ntW. KoahJ. th f fyitahF.

2 Gh v gJ k bfhG , uj m a go, xU j k ( k W nr j fyitahF . U ) m yJ nr k ( rhjhuz c ) a bghUshF . 202. e ik R s j k f k W nr k f . bra a bghU f vd fUJ . VnjD I jid g oa Lf. 1. _____. 2. _____. 3. _____. 4. _____. 5. _____. gl : 1 gl : 2. j k v wh v d? u ila ngh njh wk wd . x ik gL j t fis j k f . bra vd fUjyh . mil F c s vG J g ntW m P f j k ij . fis kh r ahd brh yhf g T a fU Jfis nghJ. mik f . gh fyh . m a . 1. br Y FHh _____M . v j xU a bghUis (U ) cUthdJ. a a m yJ nt a . 2. f _____M ( gfh ) Kiw dh nkY f cUthdJ. Koahnjh m bghUns 3. eh m m fy f ____ j kkhF . (gh T W). M (fj ) cUthdit. v j xU bjhl f iy Y s 4. eh Rth F fh _____ gU bghUis a bghUshf (# M) c sd. cil f Koahnjh mJ. 5. y f _____ (g fh) j kkhF . (yth a ). c sJ. xnu tif mQ fsh . nkny kh aik f g L s Mditna j kkhF . (j fhy brh fshd fh g , j f , U , mQ bfh if). fh g , M # M ad eh njhW . e th ga gL JtdthF . j k f a Jf fns itna j k f v W. mQ fshF . miH f gL wd. xnu tif m yJ bt ntW tif gl ij ghU f . v d mQ f iw mo gil , m f ?

3 Gl (1) j ahf xU F l j nr J. xU Wt U wh . gl (2). cUthdit _y TWf MF . Wt f Ut gh gj F. 203. myF 5. v Rl tYtilj . v Rl . iA u# M # . t ngh w iA u# , ie u# , M # , f zho fh g , mY a , j f , bt . ngh wit j k fS F bk F M irL. rh WfshF . xU ifas r g , r g mQ f k L c sd. fh g . f fh g mQ f k L . c sd. vdnt, xnu tif mQ fsh a bghUshd bk F ia . cUthdit j k f MF . M #id jU wJ. bghUis khWg l j k f mQ f nkY nt a Kiw f m a . x whf U fhJ. vL J fh lhf ayhJ. vdnt, bk F . fh g k W bt ia x Lif M #D j k fshF . mt mQ f khWg l bk F M irL bk F + M # . gUkds k W c f lik (j k ) (j k ). bg U gij fhzyh . bra bra f zho wf js . f zho FHh js bt ik w t FnshiuL. bk F M irL vL J bfh s . vL J bfh s . f zho . Kj nyrhf , d fLik wfiy Jneu N ax . ahf r Rl bt g gL j . gL go it f . v d nrhjid FHhia c Wneh f . nrhjid FHh c gF fh f ? nk gu t ngh w f zho gof f bkJthf rh g . cUthtij fhzKo . d v wkh wd. N ax K iy . Rliu nrhjid FHh Kid t FnshiuL ij W t . fh l . v Rl nkY tYtil J k W Fnsh id jU wJ v gJ.

4 V tij bfh L M # bt M _y m a gL wJ. tUtJ cW br a gL wJ. U J. f v d bj J bfh f ? t N ax . FnshiuL t + Fnsh . ( rh g w ) (gRikfy j bk F M irL ngh w (bt ik). k r w ). fyhd bghU ij W (j k ) (j k ). 204. e ik R s j k f k W nr k f . M # . fh . 5. mY a . U . fh a . N a x nrhoa . bgh lh a . bk a . t FnshiuL. ju j k f . a if c s j k f . wf . njngh f t bra nuhikL ga gL br J ghU f . nkY s tiugl U J m f . t N ax fhz gL j k ij c fsh . nuhikL t + nuh . ( rh g w ) ( br gG f l a Ko wjh? (bt k r ). w ). (j k ) (j k ) cl fhz gL . m a . a if v jid j k fis g . j k f c sJ vd v nghjhtJ id jJ. bj Jbfh nthkh? c lh? Jtiu W g bd L k j cl iw Vw jhH 99 . j k f (118) f l a g L sd. MW j k fshY (M # , fh g , t W 92 j k f a if Y iA u# , ie u# , fh a , jK s 26 j k f M tf gh gu ) ju 1 k w j k fshY . bra if Kiwf Y jah f . cUthdJ: gL wd. Jtiu 112 j k f . k Lnk IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) m fhu M # . tkhf F pL bt l . g L sd. fh g . gu j j iy iA u# . m yJ iz j iy Vuhskhf ie u#.

5 Fhz gL g ntW j k is g . m nth . fh a . m f ms c s j k gh gu . M #D mj F mL jh ngh w j k f . U gJ fDkhF . u L. j k fS nr J eh _ W. g F c sd. ekJ cl c s j k f . 205. myF 5. mid J c U s jhtu fS , rhu ij e F fl j Toa y FfS y j k fsh k W x vG g Toa g fis . cUthdit MF . mit: bg W sd. M # 65 , fh g 18 , fh g , j f , bt , U . iA u# 10 , ie u# 3 , ngh wit. fh a 2 t Wl k w mnyhf f : Vw jhH 16 m yJ 17. j k fS ml F . j k f k Lnk mnyhf fshF . m l , f c s it bk ikahd gsgs . K akhd j k f iA u# j ika w, jflhf mo f Koahj, k W akhF . f ahf l Koahj, rhu ij . fl jhj, x ia vG ghj g fis . a a iy bg W sd. j k f tif ghL iA u# , M # , fh g , a a iyia mo gilahf r g ngh witahF . bfh L eh m j j k fis cnyhf ngh f : y j k f . k, k, th vd tif gL jyh . k L cnyhf ngh fshF . it k : miw bt g iy cnyhf g fis mnyhf . m a . bk F k W nuh , 30 C g fis bg W sd. a , fh a M ait kkhf nghuh , f , br kh a . U wd. ngh witahF . th : iA u# , ie u# , M . # , Fnsh , ~ q , a , ah , M fh , lh , uhlh , c s 20 G fhL M #.

6 Brdh M ait th iy mnkrh fh o cUth wJ. U wd. xU (m ) nj fu o j f ij k : jK s j k f 80 nyh l (50 ik ) s F . mid J kkhF . fh g , f ahf l Ko . fh g , nfh L ngh wit. ekJ cl c s fh g . msit bfh L 9000 bg Y F. g f mo gil ik u gyh . j k f tif ghL. itu Kidia bfh L. j k fis mt g fis bt l Koahj bghUis Tl mo gilahf bfh L cnyhf , ca a th thd brdh nyriu . mnyhf , cnyhf ngh f vd ga gL bt lKo . tif gL jyh . xU ruhr k j cl . cnyhf f : 92 j k f 72 250 uh c c sJ. j k f cnyhf fshF . it m f cUF iyia bfh l fodkhdit, gsgs ghdit. jflhf (3410 C) cnyhf l ldhF . mo f , f ahf l aY . 206. m whl th j k f ga - Mt jd m ltiz 207. e ik R s j k f k W nr k f . m a . myF 5. bra V F pLf ? Mt jd m ltizia ga x bthU nt a kh w ij . gL th f ga fis m j v a Kiw nt id rk . gh o _y F lyh . nt a . 1. Hh fhy f nghJ. kh w id bghU bgaiu it J. g f (Balloons) u g gL . s FtJ fod . vdnt, j k . th _____. fS F F pLf mt akh wd. 2. x U s F (flash light). F pL v wh v d? cUth f ga gL th _____. xUtUila bga , eh o bga.

7 3. s gu f ga gL x U ngh wt iw RU a to . FH s Ff (advertising ga gL Jj ek F gH f g l sign) ga gL th _____. brayhF . eh idbl l . 4. l l (tungsten) s Ff v gij v W , idbl . u g gL th _____. nl M~ mbk fhit v W RU miH gJ tH f . l 5. m l c s th _____. bgaiu vGJtij fh oY RU a 6. m f x u Toa s Ff tot ij ga gL Jtnj ek F. m a . (high intensity lamp) c s th f tr ahdJ. mnjngh F pL. _____. xU j k bgaiu F l . 7. c fSila g fis t ikahf ga gL wJ. it U f g gir (tooth F pL v gJ xU j k ij . paste) ga gL j gL th ____. F F v a totkhF . 8. r Fs ij (swimming pool) j k f F pLf g a R jkhf it U f ga gL tuyh iw eh m J bfh syh . th _____. nu f F pLf . 9. Wnehia Fz gL j gH fhy nu f f y , ga gL f a f j ik s , fh W, beU M a eh F. (radioactive) th _____. j k fS F bjhl f fhy . 10. t k ly 21% k to a tot fis . c s th _____. F pLfshf ga gL d . urth F pLf . M bf o ' fhy g ntW. bghU f tiugl F pLf . F l g oU jd. f M r M ok . 208. e ik R s j k f k W nr k f . gH fhy nt a j k f bga F pL. m P f U ig j fkhf kh w Ko v W e dh f.

8 Nghuh (Boron) B. thW kh W fiy m bf fh g (Carbon) C. v W miH f gL wJ. j ~ q (Fluorine) F. fiyP f m bf Lf ' m yJ iA u# (Hydrogen) H. urth f v WmiH f gL wd . mnaho (Iodine) I. ie u# (Nitrogen) N. lh l F pLf M # (Oxygen) O. 1808 #h lh l v w m P gh gu (Phosphorus) P. j k f bga fis tiugl r g (Sulphur) S. F pL _y F l Ka wh . btndoa (Vanadium) V. nu a (Uranium) U. 2. xU j k c s Kj . M # iA u# ie u# vG ij ngh k bwhU j k Y . U jh , m j k Kj . vG J, M y bga bg a Kj . vG jhY (capital letter), u lh . m a . bk F fh g U . vG J M y bga a nk F l F pLf vG jhY (small letter) nr J . tiutj F fodkhf , ga gL F plhf vGj gL wJ. Jtj F tr yhkY U jd. vdnt, lh l F pLf tuyh W j k f bga F pL. K a Jt th j ngh Y . mY a (Aluminium) Al ga gL j ayhk ngh d. ng a (Barium) Ba bg a F pLf bg a (Beryllium) Be #h n#f bg a 1813 k (Bismuth) Bi M y vG Jfis ga gL J nuh (Bromine) Br Kiwia t tF jh . nkY k w nfhgh (Cobalt) Co tiugl F pLfis fh oY fh a (Gallium) Ga vG Jfis ga gL vGJtJ a (Helium) He v J v W th jh.

9 J k fS a (Lithium) Li ila F p il kh F Kiw ah (Neon) Ne v w jiy U mik f fh (Silicon) Si g l bg a Kiw nH bfhL f . g L sJ. 3. xU j k Y s Kj u L. vG JfS k bwhU j k Kj . j k fSila F p il . u L vG JfS x whf U . kh F Kiw jh , m j k M y bga . 1. bghJthd j k f (K a khd Y s Kj vG Jl u lhtJ. mnyhf f ) M y bga vG njh _ whtJ vG njh Kj vG J F p lhf ga nr J F plhf ga gL j gL wJ. gL j gL wJ. 209. myF 5. j k f bga F pL y /. j k f nu f F pL. bga . M fh (Argon) Ar bga . M r (Arsenic) As nrhoa ne a Na Fnsh (Chlorine) Cl bgh lh a nf a K. Fnuh a (Chromium) Cr U ~bg u Fe fh g F u Cu fh a (Calcium) Ca t m b# l Ag fh a (Cadmium) Cd nfh L Mu Au bk a (Magnesium) Mg bk F iA uh u Hg kh f R (Manganese) Mn by s g Pb o nld Sn 4. y j k f Y s F pLf M ok o a Sb nu f bga mo gil l l c ~gu W. mik f g L sd. m a . j k f bga f K akhd ehL / f bg w m a m P f / w /. uhzfjhgh u /nfh f ngh w Kiwfis bfh L bga l g L sd. bga F pL bga cUthd j . mbk a Am mbk fh ehL. nuh a Eu Inuh gh ehL. neh a No m ~ u nehg (m a m P ).

10 Mnaho I Cjh w . bk F Hg fl bga . q nlh a Pu q nlh (nfh ). be o a Np be o (nfh ). nu a U nud (nfh ). 210. e ik R s j k f k W nr k f . F pL v thW vGj gL wJ? j k F p o K a Jt . tU VnjD xU Kiw , xU xU j k F pL cz JtJ. j k F pL vGj gL wJ. j k bgaiu . 1. j k F p o xnu xU. M y vG J k L U jh , xU j k mQit . mJ bg a vG (capital letter). vGj gl nt L . vL J fh lhf, 2. u L vG J F pLfis F pL N' cz JtJ. vGJ nghJ, M y bga . ie u# v w j k . bg a Kj vG Y (capital bgaiu . letter), u lhtJ vG J M y . bga a vG Y (small xU ie u# mQit . letter) U f nt L . FG bra ghL J xU Rthu akhd isah L. j _y j k f , mt . m a . F pLfis id Twyh . F L s Kiw go Lf . jah f . x j khzt fis bfh L FG fis cUth f . br a nt oad j k f bga f vGj g l 15 Lfis , m j k f . F pLf vGj g l 15 Lfis jah f . F j k f . bga g oa l g L sJ. (c fS F j k fis bj br a Rj ju . c sJ). iA u# fh a M r nrhoa bk F . M # M fh Fnsh nfh L bk a . fh g a Fnuh a ma kh f R. v thW isahl nt L ? 1. 30 Lfis fy f . Lfis jiy Hhf f J gu . j j ahf nkir nk it f.