A TEXT BOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY

1 A TEXT BOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY FIRST YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY (As Per E. R. 1991) THIRTY-EIGHTH EDITION S. B. GOKHALE M. Pharm., A. I. C. Former Co-ordinator Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur 425405 (M. S.) Dr. C. K. KOKATE M. Pharm., Ph. D., (Germany) President, Indian Society of PHARMACOGNOSY and Vice-chancellor, KLE University, JNMC Campus, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum - 590010. (Karnataka) A. P. PUROHIT M. Pharm., A. I. C. Former Asst. Professor and Head, Department of PHARMACOGNOSY , B. V.'s Poona College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Pune - 411 038.

2 ( ) Price Price Price Price ` :` :` :` : N1233 PHARMACOGNOSY ISBN 978-81-85790-15-2 Thirty Eighth Edition : July 2016 Reprint : March 2017 : Authors The text of this publication, or any part thereof, should not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or stored in any computer storage system or device for distribution including photocopy, recording, taping or information retrieval system or reproduced on any disc, tape, perforated media or other information storage device etc., without the written permission of Authors with whom the rights are reserved.

3 Breach of this condition is liable for legal action. Every effort has been made to avoid errors or omissions in this publication. In spite of this, errors may have crept in. Any mistake, error or discrepancy so noted and shall be brought to our notice shall be taken care of in the next edition. It is notified that neither the publisher nor the authors or seller shall be responsible for any damage or loss of action to any one, of any kind, in any manner, therefrom. Published By : (-ve) Printed By : NIRALI PRAKASHAN YOGIRAJ PRINTERS AND BINDERS Abhyudaya Pragati, 1312, Shivaji Nagar, Survey No.

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7 Any type of error or mistake so noted, and shall be brought to our notice, shall be taken care of in the next edition. It is notified that neither the publisher, nor the author or book seller shall be responsible for any damage or loss of action to any one of any kind, in any manner, therefrom. The reader must cross check all the facts and contents with original Government notification or publications. PREFACE TO THE THIRTY-EIGHTH EDITION We are pleased to release the revised Thirty-eighth edition of "Text Book of PHARMACOGNOSY " within a span of twenty years.

8 It is needless to say that the overwhelming response from the students and colleagues has made this possible. In response to the constructive suggestions, we have added few figures, index to biological names, information on isolation of terpenoids, resins, volatile oils and glycosides as desired. We hope, we shall keep receiving the same co-operation in future as received in the past. July 2016 Authors PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION It gives us immense pleasure in bringing out the first edition of our book in PHARMACOGNOSY for the benefit of the students of Diploma in Pharmacy.

9 The contents of this edition have been prepared in accordance with the syllabus prescribed in New Education Regulations, 1991 of Pharmacy Council of India. While describing the crude drugs according to their pharmacological or therapeutic profiles, enough care has been taken to incorporate adequate information about their cultivation, collection and processing, as well as, chemical composition. The text has been updated by incorporation of extra figures and chemical structures. The additional information about the crude drugs based on recent investigations, wherever possible, has been included.

10 Different pharmaceutical journals, scientific reviews, technical bulletins of agencies like , , and , medicinal plant abstracts and proceedings of seminars have been referred for additional information on crude drugs. The new edition is being brought out with an attractive appeal. It is hoped to be useful for all those who are engaged in spheres of activities pertaining to medicinal plants. We are thankful to Mr. Dineshbhai Furia and staff of NIRALI PRAKASHAN for their efforts in bringing out this new edition in the shortest- period.