Aeromedical Training For Flight Personnel

1 FM (1-301)DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution , DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYM anual Provided by eMilitary Manuals - learned from previous military conflicts and recent contingency operations havecaused changes in Army aviation doctrine and the development of more sophisticated aircraftand weapons systems. Army aircrew members must be capable of operating these systemsaround the clock, in austere environments, and under adverse conditions. They must becapable of employing these systems and avoid enemy air defense and air-to-air weaponssystems. The hazards of stress and fatigue imposed by operating more sophisticated systems incombat operations and CONOPS will eventually take a toll in aircrew performance and couldjeopardize mission accomplishment. Aircrew members must be trained to recognize andunderstand these hazards.

2 Training can prepare aircrew members and prevent stress andfatigue from reducing their mission effectiveness and increase their chances of manual gives aircrew members an understanding of their physiological responses to theaviation environment; it also describes the effects of the Flight environment on individualmission accomplishment. In addition, it outlines the essential Aeromedical trainingrequirements (in Chapter 1) that assist the commander and Flight surgeon in conductingaeromedical education for Army aircrew members. The subject areas addressed in the trainingare by no means all inclusive but are presented to assist aircrew members in increasing theirperformance and efficiency through knowing human limitations. This manual is intended foruse by all Army aircrew members in meeting requirements set forth in AR 95-1, TC 1-210,and other appropriate aircrew Training proponent of this publication is Headquarters, TRADOC.

3 Send comments andrecommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and BlankForms) to Dean, US Army School of Aviation Medicine, ATTN: MCCS-HA, Fort Rucker,Alabama provisions of this publication are the subject of the following international agreement:STANAG 3114 (Edition Six).The use of trade names in this manual is for clarity only and does not constitute endorsementby the Department of publication has been reviewed for operations security this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns or pronouns do not refer exclusivelyto Provided by eMilitary Manuals - *FM (1-301)Field Manual HeadquartersNo. (1-301)Department of the ArmyWashington, DC, 29 September 2000 Aeromedical Training for Flight 1 Training 1-1 Aeromedical Training in Specific Courses .. 1-1 Hypobaric Refresher 1-1 Special Training by Other 1-2 Unit 1-2 Responsibilities.

4 1-3 Revalidation and 1-3 Training Record .. 1-4 Chapter 2 ALTITUDE I Characteristics of the Atmosphere .. 2-1 Structure of the 2-1 Composition of the 2-3 Atmospheric 2-4 Physiological Zones of the 2-6 Section II Circulatory and Function of the Circulatory 2-7 Components and Functions of 2-8 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release, distribution *This publication supersedes FM 1-301, 29 May 1987 Manual Provided by eMilitary Manuals - (1-301)iiSection III Respiratory 2-10 The Processes of Breathing and Respiration .. 2-10 Functions of Respiration .. 2-10 Phases of External 2-11 Components of the Respiratory System .. 2-13 Section IV 2-16 Characteristics of Hypoxia .. 2-16 Types of Hypoxia .. 2-16 Signs, Symptoms, and Susceptibility to Hypoxia .. 2-18 Effects of 2-20 Stages of Hypoxic Hypoxia.

5 2-21 Prevention of Hypoxic Hypoxia .. 2-23 Treatment of 2-24 Section V 2-24 Characteristics of 2-24 Causes of Hyperventilation .. 2-24 Signs and Symptoms of Hyperventilation .. 2-25 Treatment of 2-25 Section VI Pressure-Change 2-26 Dysbarism .. 2-26 Trapped-Gas Disorders .. 2-26 Evolved-Gas 2-32 Chapter 3 STRESS AND FATIGUE IN FLYING 3-1 Stress Defined .. 3-1 Identifying 3-1 The Stress Response .. 3-10 Stress and 3-11 Stress 3-12 Fatigue .. 3-13 Effects of Fatigue on Performance .. 3-14 Diurnal (Circadian) Rhythms and 3-15 The Sleep 3-16 Sleep Requirements .. 3-16 Prevention of 3-17 Treatment of 3-18 Chapter 4 GRAVITATIONAL 4-0 Terms of 4-0 Types of 4-0 Manual Provided by eMilitary Manuals - Training for Flight PersonneliiiGravitational 4-2 Factors Affecting Accelerative Forces .. 4-3 Physiological Effects of Low-Magnitude 4-4 Physiological Effects of +Gz Acceleration.

6 4-5 Physiological Effects of Gz Acceleration .. 4-7 Physiological Effects of +/-Gz 4-8 Physiological Effects of +/-Gy 4-9 Physiological Effects of High-Magnitude Acceleration and 4-9 Preventive Measures .. 4-14 Chapter 5 TOXIC HAZARDS IN I Aviation Toxicology 5-0 Acute 5-0 Chronic 5-1 Time and Dose 5-1 Physiochemical 5-1 Entry 5-1 Preexisting Conditions .. 5-1 Individual 5-2 Allowable Degree of Bodily Impairment .. 5-2 Body Detoxification .. 5-2 Section II Aircraft Atmosphere 5-3 Contamination 5-3 Exhaust 5-3 Carbon 5-3 Aviation Gasoline .. 5-5 Tetraethyl Lead in Aviation Gasoline .. 5-6 Jet Propulsion 5-6 Hydraulic Fluid 5-7 Coolant Fluid 5-7 Engine Lubricants .. 5-7 Fire-Extinguishing Agents .. 5-7 Fluorocarbon Plastics .. 5-9 Oxygen 5-10 Protective Measures .. 5-10 Chapter 6 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE EXTREMES ON THE HUMAN 6-1 Section I Heat in the Aviation 6-1 Heat Effects.

7 6-1 Manual Provided by eMilitary Manuals - (1-301)ivHeat 6-2 Performance Impairment .. 6-4 Heat-Stress 6-4In- Flight Heat-Stress 6-5 Section II Effects in the Aviation 6-5 Types and Treatment of Cold 6-6 Cold-Injury 6-6 Chapter 7 NOISE AND VIBRATION IN ARMY 7-0 Noise Characteristics and 7-0 Sound and Vibrational 7-1 Noise and Hearing 7-2 Vibrational 7-4 Hearing 7-4 Hearing Protection and Reduction of Vibrational 7-5 Preventive Measures .. 7-10 Chapter 8 PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS OF 8-0 Visual 8-0 Anatomy and Physiology of the 8-3 Types of 8-6 Factors Affecting Object 8-10 Dark Adaptation .. 8-10 Night-Vision 8-11 Night-Vision 8-13 Distance Estimation and Depth Perception .. 8-16 Visual Illusions .. 8-21 Meteorological Conditions and Night 8-21 Self-Imposed Stress and 8-22 Nerve Agents and Night Vision.

8 8-25 Flight 8-25 Protective Measures .. 8-27 Principles of Proper 8-28 Chapter 9 SPATIAL Terms of Spatial 9-1 Types of Spatial Disorientation .. 9-1 Equilibrium 9-2 Visual Illusions .. 9-9 Vestibular Illusions .. 9-14 Manual Provided by eMilitary Manuals - Training for Flight PersonnelvProprioceptive Illusions .. 9-18 Prevention of Spatial 9-18 Treatment of Spatial 9-19 Chapter 10 OXYGEN EQUIPMENT AND CABIN 10-0 Oxygen 10-0 Storage 10-1 Oxygen Regulators .. 10-1 Oxygen Masks .. 10-3 Oxygen-Equipment 10-4 Cabin 10-4 AppendixHYPOBARIC CHAMBER Flight Index-1 Manual Provided by eMilitary Manuals - 1 Training ProgramsAircrews must be trained and ready in peacetime to perform theirmissions in combat or other contingency operations. Therefore, leaders atall levels must understand, sustain, and enforce high standards ofcombat readiness.

9 Tough, realistic Training should be designed tochallenge and develop soldiers, leaders, and units. This chapter outlinesthe essential Aeromedical Training requirements needed for all REQUIREMENTS1-1. All Army Flight students receive Aeromedical Training during initialflight Training and during designated courses given at the United StatesArmy Aviation Center, Fort Rucker, Alabama. Aeromedical Training is alsoprovided for specific aviators during refresher Training courses. In addition,unit commanders are responsible for Aeromedical Training at the unit Training IN SPECIFIC COURSES1-2. Initial Aeromedical Training is conducted for all Army students inthe Initial Entry Rotary Wing Course. Their initial physiological Training isperformed according to the provisions of STANAG 3114 and TRADOC programs of instruction at USAAVNC.

10 Aeromedical Training is conducted foraviators receiving transition or advanced Training at USAAVNC in thefollowing courses: Fixed-Wing Multiengine Qualification Course. Fixed-Wing Multiengine Instructor Pilot Course. Aviation Safety Officer REFRESHER TRAINING1-3. Crew members and Department of the Army civilians who fly inpressurized aircraft or in aircraft that routinely exceed 10,000 feet MSLreceive hypobaric Training . Refresher Training is conducted once every threeyears. The aviators trained are those who fly in pressurized aircraft or inaircraft that routinely exceed 10,000 feet Refresher Training consists of classroom instruction to review theessential materials presented in the initial Training . After completingclassroom instruction, aviators participate in a hypobaric(low-pressure/high-altitude) chamber exercise using the appropriate profilefor the aircraft flown (see the appendix).