Air Infiltration Calculation Techniques - AIVC

1 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY energy conservation in buildings and community systems programme Air Infiltration Calculation Techniques An Applications Guide University of Warwick Science Park SQvereign Court Sir William Lyons Ro~d Cavsntw CV4 7EZ Gmat Britain This report is part of the work U, we IEA Energy Conservetion in Buildings & Community Systems Programme. Annsx V Air Infiltration end Ventilation Centre This rsport is publlshed by! The Air Infiltration and Venrilafion Centre University of Warwick Science Park Unit 3A, Sovereign Court Sir Williarn Lyons Road Coventry CV4 7EZ Great Britain Telephone: +44 (0) 1203 892050 Telephone: a44 (0) 24 766Q 2060 with effect from 1/6/99 * Fax: +44 (0) 1203 416306 Fax: t44 (0) 24 7641 6306 with effed from 1/8/99 * Emall: web: Head of Centre: Manln W.

2 Liddament, BA, PhD. MASHRAE. *From 1st June 1900 untll 18th August 2000 the old and the new numbers will run in parsllel. Air Infiltration Calculation Techniques - An Applications Guide Martin W. Liddament June 1986 @Copyright Oscar Faber Partnership 1986. All property rights, including copyright are vested in the Operating Agent (Oscar Faber Consulting Engineers) on behalf of the International Energy Agency. In particular, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Operating Agent.

3 This report is part of the work of the IEA Energy Conservation in Buildings & Community Systems Programme. Annex V Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Document AIC-AG-1-86 ISBN 0 946075 25 5 Participants in this task: Distribution: Annex Participants only Additional copies of this report may be obtained from: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Federal Republic of The Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre, Germany, Finland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Old Bracknell Lane West, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom Bracknell, Berkshire and United States of America.

4 RG12 4AH, Great Britain. CONTENTS Prefaoe How to Uee thia Guide Introduotion CHAPTER 11 Soope of Applicatione and Teohnlauen INTRODUCTION 1 .l VENTILATION NEEDS AND STRATEGIES 1 .l .l Industrial Buildings 1 .l .2 Commercial Buildings 1 .l .3 Dwellings VENTILATION OPTIONS Natural Ventilation 1 . Mechanical Extract (or Supply) Ventilation 1 Balanced Supply/Ektract Syeteme TOWARDS AIR Infiltration MODELLING Air Infiltration Charaoteristics Seasonal and Climatic Variations in Air Infiltration Rates 1 .l0 Terrain and Shielding Effeots on Air Infiltration Distribution and Size of Openings Purpose-Provided Ventilation 1.

5 L2 NUMERICAL METHODS Calculation Techniques Hierarchical Order of Techniquee 1 . Single/Multi-Zone Selection Selecting a Calaulation Technique References CHAPTER 2: Empirical Teahniques INTRODUCTION mIRICAL MODELS .l Air rbange Methods of Pressurization Test Data Regression Techniques References CHAPTER 31 Theoretioal Methods INTRODUCTION THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .l Flow Mechanisms Ventilation Mfioiency .3 Driving Forces Wind Induoed Pressure Distribution Turbulent Fluctuations Stack Effeot Combined Wind and Stack Effect Pressure Effects Due to Mechanical Ventilation THEORETICAL Calculation Techniques Single Zone Network Models Multi-Zone Network Models Simplified Theoretical Teohniques DATA REQUIREMENTS Flow Network.

6 L Component Leakage Openings 'Background' or 'Fabric1 Leakage Openings .3 Large Openings Interior Flow Paths Flow Characterietioe of Openings Numerical Deeoription of Flow Characteristice Measurement of Air Flow Characteristics Climatic and Terrain Data References CHBPTER 41 Subsidiary Caloulatione INTRODUCTION HEAT RECOVERY Heat Loee Calculation Heat Reoovery Calculation COST-EFFECTIVWESS OF VENTILATION STRATEGIES Conditions for Cost-Effectiveness of Ventilation Strategies INDooR AIR QUALITY Baokdraughting Pollutant Concentration and Minimum Ventilation Ratee References

7 CHAPTER 5: Algorithm and Worked ~mples ALGORITHMS Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ELA Algorithm National Bureau of Standards Model National Reeearch Council of Canada Model EXAMPLES Calculation of Wind and Stack Pressure Distribution of Openings Induetrial Building Ventilation Strategy CHAPTER 6: Data Reference CLIMATIC DATA WIND PRESSURE DATA AIR LEAKAGE DATA GLOSSARY PREFACE International Energy Agency In order to strengthen cooperation in the vital area of energy policy, an Agreement on an International Ehergy Programme was formulated among a number of industrialised countries in November 1974.

8 The International Energy Agency (IEA) was established as an autonomous body within the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD) to administer that agreement. Twenty-one countries are currently members of the IM, with the Commission of the European Communities participating under a special arrangement. As one element of the International Energy Programme, the Participants undertake cooperative activities in energy research, development, and demonstration. A number of new and improved energy technologies which have the potential of making significant contributions to our energy needs were identified for collaborative efforts.

9 The IEA Committee on Energy Research and Development ( CRD) , assisted by a small Secretariat staff, coordinates the energy research, development, and demonstration programme. Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systeme The International Energy Agency sponsors research and development in a number of areas related to energy. In one of these areas, energy conservation in buildings, the IEA is sponsoring various exercises to predict more accurately the energy use of buildings, including comparison of existing computer programs, building monitoring, comparison of Calculation methods, etc.

10 The difference and similarities among these comparisons have told us much about the state of the art in building analysis and have led to further IEA sponsored research. Annex V Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre The IEA Executive Committee (Building and Community Sys tems ) has highlighted areas where the level of knowledge is unsatisfactory and there was unanimous agreement that Infiltration was the area about which least was known. An Infiltration group was formed drawing experts from most progressive countries, their long term aim to encourage joint international research and increase the world pool of knowledge on Infiltration and ventilation.