Aircraft Certification Including Modifications

1 Aircraft Certification IncludingModifications1 LearningOutcomesBy theendofthissessiondelegateswillbeableto : DiscusstheType Certificationprocesswhichis usedtoassure acceptableAirworthinesslevels Toexplain therelationshipbetweenaType Certificateanda CertificateofAirworthiness Explain thedifferencesbetweencertificationandval idation Statewhatwould beconsidereda modification DescribethedifferencesbetweenMinorandMaj orchanges Identifythecertificationbasiswhichis tobe usedforchanged products Describethechangeapprovalprocess Identifythedocumentationwhichmaybe requiredtosupport thecertificationofthechange DiscussETSOs(EuropeanTechnicalStandardOr der)2 StatutoryResponsibilityof NAA Under theCivilAviationAct the CAAis requiredto be satisfied with the fitness of an aircraftto fly. Airworthinessof Aircraft Whenincompliancewiththe comprehensiveanddetailedairworthiness codesestablished,adoptedoracceptedby aContractingStatefortheclassof Aircraft , engineorpropellerunder consideration.

2 5 WhyHaveanAirworthinessCode? To have an acceptablestandardagainstwhichadesigncan be assessed both domesticandforeignAuthorities Inordertolearnfromothers andto prevent repeating mistakes / learnby experience Consistency Exampleof codesraisedto satisfy ICAOA nnex8 CS25(EASA) JAR25 European(pre-EASA) AP25/ NGLS-3-Russian BCARS ection D-UK6 Where We Are TodayEASA hasheldlegal responsibilityforall(non-AnnexII)Europea ncertification/validationactivity -althougha significantportion undertaken bytheNationalAirworthinessAuthorities (NAA s)AnnexIIaircraftthatarestillindividualN AA'slegal responsibility, : Homebuiltaircraft /Microlights Aircraftengagedinmilitary,police,customs or similar services7 TheCertificationProcessEASA Internal Working ProcedureTypeCertification Application fromanapprovedorganization EstablishCertificationTeam EstablishCertificationBasis ConductInvestigation TypeCertificateRecommendationbytheTeam toEASA EASA IssuesanEASA TypeCertificate8 TheCertificationProcessApplication ApplicationtoEASA EASA revieweligibility EUOrganizationwitha Part 21 subpart J approval.

3 Non-EUOrganizationsupported by a recognizedNAA9 TheCertificationTeamStructurePerformance SystemsFlight TestAvionics ..10 CertificationBasisElements CertificationSpecification25(CS25) SpecialConditions Exemptions EquivalentSafetyFindings EnvironmentalStandards Reversions(derivativeaircraftonly)11 CertificationSpecification25 (CS25)Binding in BasicRegulation(EC)216/2008 Amendment standardat date ofapplication-Part 12 CertificationBasis-SpecialConditionsSpec ialConditions SpecialConditionsdevelopedwhenthe design Tointroducependingformalpolicy/ Toaddressnovelfeatures A380 two stage slide to address gear collapse conditions slideavailability warning13 CertificationBasis ExemptionsExemptions Grantedwherecompliancewith specified requirementscannotbejustified Used mainly on DerivativeAircraft -ChangeProductRule(CPR) B777-PDOS-powerdooropeningsystem flex hoses (a)

4 Fire resistantcriterion1415 CertificationBasis ExemptionsExemptions Grantedwherecompliancewith specified requirementscannotbejustified Used mainly on DerivativeAircraft -ChangeProductRule(CPR) B777-PDOS-powerdooropeningsystem flex hoses (a)fire resistantcriterion16 CertificationBasis Elect To ComplyElecttoComply MatureNPA(Draftrequirement)readyforincor poration into the CSbut not yet formalised exitsignsforpax Oftenharmonisestherequirements(FAR/EASA) Subject toarequestfrom theapplicant Onceused,formspartoftheformalcertificati onbasis ( optionalwhendesigningchangesafterType Certification )1819 CertificationBasis Environmental StandardsEnvironmentalStandards Noise Emissions Fuel Exhaust ICAOA nnex16 (JAA) and FAR 36 Requirements(FAA)2021 Documentingthe Process-CRIsCertificationReviewItemsList of CRIsconstitutes the basisof approvalfor the Aircraft .

5 CRIA-01 toplevel TypeCertificationBasisCRIEach CRI willrecord :- Asummaryof theissue Applicantposition AuthorityPosition Conclusion222324 Documentingthe ProcessManagingtheprocess PCMkeepsadministrativecontrolofbothCRIsa ndCAIs ClosureofallCRIsandCAIsnominally indicatescompletionofthe investigationactivity. ComplianceChecklist/ Statementsof Compliance PostTCProceduresagreedFinalPhaseChecklis t Usedto tracktheendphaseactivity Setmilestonestobeaddressed-CMR/ : PCMM eetings(AidingStandardization) All CRIsand CAIssent toEASA forstandardization and endorsement FinalPhaseagreedwithEASA Presentation of the process and results to EASA for acceptance, byPCM2627 Validation-A Route to TypeCertification Applicablefor non-EUdesignedaircraft RequiresHighLevelBilateralAgreement Based on prior Certificationby domestic NAAto known codeofrequirements Same genericprocess butconcentrateeffortson.

6 Requirementdifferences (SRD amendmentpairs) currentsafetyissues newandnovel technology Rely as faras possibleon the compliancefindingby domestic NAA Requiresdocumentedworkingarrangementdefi ning processesto beusedandresponsibilitiesof bothauthorities2829 CertificationvsValidationA380 EASA(JAA)arethe Certification authority FAA are the Validation (foreign Authority EASA aretheValidating (foreign)AuthorityCertification Validation DomesticAuthority DesignresponsibilityResponsibility Authority (EA) Compliancefinding Compliancefinding Responsibilityfor aspossible Airworthinesswith usuallytoareasof Highworkload Less resourceCopyright CAAI nternationalLtd including30 TheCertificate ofAirworthiness IndividualAircraft MeetsTypeDesign ModificationsApproved Customerneeds/ Requirements OperationalRole RepairsApproved?)

7 ADCompliance?31 POSTTypeCertificationActivities ModificationApproval TCHolder STC ServiceBulletins FlightManuals AirworthinessDirectives AMOC ContinuedAirworthiness Accidents/ Incidents ProductImprovements32 EmbraerERJ170 EASA VALIDATION20 February20043733 Summary ofCertificationofLargeAircraft Airworthiness Type CertificationProcess Certificationor Validation Type Certificate v Certificateof Airworthiness34 Certificationof Modifications (changes)35 WhatisaModification? A changemade to an Aircraft ; includingits components, systems,engines,radios,instruments,furni shings,flight manualetc Changescanbeeitherphysicalor to paperwork36 Changeclassification Major isfurthersub-classifiedin Part : Substantial( [forhelicopters]number/configurationofro tors,all metaltoallcompositeaircraft) Significant( , SVS, datarecorders& ELTs,additional engine,type oflanding gear, ) NotSignificant ( ,EMS installations,cargohoists) for changeIdentificationof CertificationBasisfor changedproducts[ ]: Complywithlatestrequirements,exceptwhere thechange is non-significantand notintroducingnewornovel features Otherwise,by derogation,defaulttothecertificationbasi s in force at originalType Certification (ChangedProductRule)38 Airworthiness39 Summary ofCertificationofModifications Whatwouldbe consideredamodification?

8 Whatare thedifferencesbetweenMinorandMajor changes? Howdoyouidentifythe certificationbasiswhichisto be usedforchangedproducts? Describethe changeapprovalprocessWhat documentationmayberequiredto supportthe certificationofa change?40 Appendix 1 -Guidance information Aspects to be covered duringdesigninvestigations Aspects to be covered duringflighttestassessments41 FinallyWhenallthedocumentationhas beenacceptedbythe InvestigatingAuthority changecanbe approved [Note:UndertheEASA system, technicalapprovalresultsin a processedby EASAinK lnis thechangelegally approved]42 Examplesofaspectsneeding to be covered by designinvestigationofchangesSystemsafety assessment HazardAnalysis FMEA Structuralaspects,includingthe airframe manufacturers input, if required Static(andDynamic)strength Flightloads Crash Loads Fatigue Flutter Vibration WeightandBalance43 Examplesofaspectsneeding to be covered by designinvestigationofchanges General restraint and protectionof occupants PassengersandEquipmentOperators Head andbodystrike MedicalEvacuees Restraint harnesses EMeffectscausedbyaircraftequipmentonHear tMonitors etc Protection of pilot Struckby CameraBooms Ambulanceinstallations Vomit screens44 Examplesofaspectsneeding to be covered by designinvestigationofchanges Ventingof gases Ambulanceinstallations EntonoxOxygen Fumeprotection Fuelvselectrical/avionics Oxygenvsoil, fuel, grease Protectionfromcontamination OxygenSystems Fuel,oil.

9 Hydraulic DrinkingWater Flammability Furnishings45 AspectscoveredduringtheFlightTestAssessm ent Performance Cockpitergonomics TakeOff Climb EMC Engine Out Vne Pressure errors Handling Stability Controllability Stallspin(if fixedwing) Waketurbulence Vibration Flutter46 EuropeanTechnicalStandardOrderA Technical Standard Order (TSO) is a minimum performance standard issued by the Civil AviationAuthority for specified materials, parts, processes, and appliances used on civil Addressed by Part 21 SubPartO,EuropeanTechnicalStandardOrder Authorization An ETSO (EU) or TSO(US) states that the part meetsaminimum performancestandard. It approvesthedesignandproductionofthepart or appliance Itmay meet agivenSAEorNASspecificationor, foravionicequipment,anRTCAor EUROCAEMOPS(Minimum OperationalPerformance Spec).

10 These specificationsareusuallypart of the (E)TSOETSOP urpose(E)TSOapprovalis mostusefulforstandalone commonuser items. Logicallylosesvalidityformorecomplexequi pmentwhichisuniquetoaspecificinstallatio n,forexampleflight deckseats, practiceis generallytoTSOeverythingthatis moreflexible. Authorities donotinsiston (E)TSOandaircraftmanufacturersaregeneral lyagreeable(orfeel obliged)toincludecompleteequipmentqualif icationwithin thetype continuedairworthiness(failures, malfunctions,defects) of the the necessityfor the technicalre-evaluationof theequipment(bycertificationauthority)fo reveryprojectEquipmentitemmay includemorethanbasicETSO capabilityExamples: An Aircraft seat may includefeatures (not requiredto satisfybasicETSO requirements)includingmotorized functions withcomputer control, and installationof otheritemssuchasIFE,lightsetc An enhancedTAWS meeting TSOC151c may contain obstacledatabase,geometricaltitude,RAASe tc None of this is coveredby the ETSO authorisation5152 ETSOETSO granted whenequipmentshownto meet MinimumOperationalPerformance Specification(MOPS) Note.