Transcription of An Introduction to Computer Networks
1 An Introduction to Computer Networks Release Peter L Dordal Feb 05, 2022. CONTENTS. 0 Preface 3. Second Edition .. 3. Licensing .. 4. Classroom Use .. 5. Acknowledgments .. 7. Progress Notes .. 8. Technical considerations .. 8. A Note On the Cover .. 10. Recent Changes .. 11. 1 An Overview of Networks 13. Layers .. 13. Data Rate, Throughput and Bandwidth .. 14. Packets .. 14. Datagram Forwarding .. 15. Topology .. 18. Routing Loops .. 19. Congestion .. 20. Packets Again .. 21. LANs and Ethernet .. 22. IP - Internet Protocol .. 24. DNS .. 30. Transport .. 30. Firewalls .. 34. Some Useful Utilities .. 35. IETF and OSI .. 37. Berkeley Unix .. 40. Epilog .. 40. Exercises .. 40. 2 Ethernet Basics 45. 10-Mbps Classic Ethernet .. 46. 100 Mbps (Fast) Ethernet.
2 57. Gigabit Ethernet .. 58. Ethernet Switches .. 59. i Epilog .. 62. Exercises .. 63. 3 Advanced Ethernet 67. Spanning Tree Algorithm and Redundancy .. 67. Virtual LAN (VLAN) .. 72. TRILL and SPB .. 76. Software-Defined Networking .. 78. Epilog .. 84. Exercises .. 85. 4 Wireless LANs 89. Adventures in Radioland .. 89. Wi-Fi .. 93. WiMAX and LTE .. 120. Fixed Wireless .. 123. Epilog .. 126. Exercises .. 126. 5 Other LANs 129. Virtual Private Networks .. 129. Carrier Ethernet .. 130. Token Ring .. 131. Virtual Circuits .. 132. Asynchronous Transfer Mode: ATM .. 136. Epilog .. 138. Exercises .. 138. 6 Links 143. Encoding and Framing .. 143. Time-Division Multiplexing .. 148. Epilog .. 153. Exercises .. 153. 7 Packets 155. Packet Delay.
3 155. Packet Delay Variability .. 158. Packet Size .. 159. Error Detection .. 161. Epilog .. 166. Exercises .. 167. 8 Abstract Sliding Windows 173. Building Reliable Transport: Stop-and-Wait .. 173. Sliding Windows .. 178. Linear Bottlenecks .. 181. Epilog .. 189. Exercises .. 189. ii 9 IP version 4 195. The IPv4 Header .. 196. Interfaces .. 198. Special Addresses .. 200. Fragmentation .. 202. The Classless IP Delivery Algorithm .. 204. IPv4 Subnets .. 207. Network Address Translation .. 212. Unnumbered Interfaces .. 217. Mobile IP .. 218. Epilog .. 220. Exercises .. 220. 10 IPv4 Companion Protocols 223. DNS .. 223. Address Resolution Protocol: ARP .. 236. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) .. 239. Internet Control Message Protocol.
4 241. Epilog .. 245. Exercises .. 245. 11 IPv6 247. The IPv6 Header .. 248. IPv6 Addresses .. 249. Network Prefixes .. 251. IPv6 Multicast .. 253. IPv6 Extension Headers .. 253. Neighbor Discovery .. 256. IPv6 Host Address Assignment .. 260. Epilog .. 265. Exercises .. 265. 12 IPv6 Additional Features 267. Globally Exposed Addresses .. 267. ICMPv6 .. 267. IPv6 Subnets .. 269. Using IPv6 and IPv4 Together .. 270. IPv6 Examples Without a Router .. 274. IPv6 Connectivity via Tunneling .. 277. IPv6-to-IPv4 Connectivity .. 280. Epilog .. 282. Exercises .. 282. 13 Routing-Update Algorithms 285. Distance-Vector Routing-Update Algorithm .. 286. Distance-Vector Slow-Convergence Problem .. 290. Observations on Minimizing Route Cost .. 292. Loop-Free Distance Vector Algorithms.
5 294. iii Link-State Routing-Update Algorithm .. 300. Routing on Other Attributes .. 304. ECMP .. 305. Epilog .. 306. Exercises .. 306. 14 Large-Scale IP Routing 313. Classless Internet Domain Routing: CIDR .. 313. Hierarchical Routing .. 315. Legacy Routing .. 316. Provider-Based Routing .. 317. Geographical Routing .. 322. Epilog .. 323. Exercises .. 323. 15 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 327. AS-paths .. 328. AS-Paths and Route Aggregation .. 330. Transit Traffic .. 331. BGP Filtering and Routing Policies .. 331. BGP Table Size .. 333. BGP Path attributes .. 334. BGP and Traffic Engineering .. 338. BGP and Anycast .. 341. BGP for Interior Routing .. 341. BGP Relationships .. 342. Examples of BGP Instability .. 346. BGP Security and Route Registries.
6 348. Epilog .. 351. Exercises .. 351. 16 UDP Transport 355. User Datagram Protocol UDP .. 355. Trivial File Transport Protocol, TFTP .. 367. Fundamental Transport Issues .. 369. Other TFTP notes .. 374. Remote Procedure Call (RPC) .. 377. Epilog .. 380. Exercises .. 381. 17 TCP Transport Basics 385. The End-to-End Principle .. 386. TCP Header .. 386. TCP Connection Establishment .. 388. TCP and WireShark .. 392. TCP Offloading .. 394. TCP simplex-talk .. 394. TCP and bind() .. 399. iv TCP state diagram .. 400. Epilog .. 406. Exercises .. 406. 18 TCP Issues and Alternatives 411. TCP Old Duplicates .. 411. TIMEWAIT .. 412. The Three-Way Handshake Revisited .. 413. Anomalous TCP scenarios .. 415. TCP Faster Opening .. 416. Path MTU Discovery.
7 417. TCP Sliding Windows .. 418. TCP Delayed ACKs .. 418. Nagle Algorithm .. 419. TCP Flow Control .. 420. Silly Window Syndrome .. 420. TCP Timeout and Retransmission .. 421. KeepAlive .. 422. TCP timers .. 423. Variants and Alternatives .. 423. Epilog .. 433. Exercises .. 433. 19 TCP Reno and Congestion Management 435. Basics of TCP Congestion Management .. 436. Slow Start .. 440. TCP Tahoe and Fast Retransmit .. 445. TCP Reno and Fast Recovery .. 446. TCP NewReno .. 450. Selective Acknowledgments (SACK) .. 452. TCP and Bottleneck Link Utilization .. 453. Single Packet Losses .. 456. TCP Assumptions and Scalability .. 457. TCP Parameters .. 458. Epilog .. 458. Exercises .. 459. 20 Dynamics of TCP 463. A First Look At Queuing .. 463.
8 Bottleneck Links with Competition .. 464. TCP Reno Fairness with Synchronized Losses .. 472. Epilog .. 479. Exercises .. 479. 21 Further Dynamics of TCP 485. Notions of Fairness .. 485. TCP Reno loss rate versus cwnd .. 487. TCP Friendliness .. 489. v AIMD Revisited .. 491. Active Queue Management .. 493. The High-Bandwidth TCP Problem .. 498. The Lossy-Link TCP Problem .. 500. The Satellite-Link TCP Problem .. 500. Epilog .. 501. Exercises .. 501. 22 Newer TCP Implementations 507. Choosing a TCP on Linux .. 507. High-Bandwidth Desiderata .. 510. RTTs .. 511. A Roadmap .. 511. Highspeed TCP .. 511. TCP Vegas .. 514. FAST TCP .. 517. TCP Westwood .. 519. TCP Illinois .. 521. Compound TCP .. 522. TCP Veno .. 524. TCP Hybla .. 525. DCTCP.
9 525. H-TCP .. 528. TCP CUBIC .. 529. TCP BBR .. 533. Epilog .. 537. Exercises .. 538. 23 Queuing and Scheduling 543. Queuing and Real-Time Traffic .. 544. Traffic Management .. 544. Priority Queuing .. 545. Queuing Disciplines .. 545. Fair Queuing .. 546. Applications of Fair Queuing .. 559. Hierarchical Queuing .. 561. Hierarchical Weighted Fair Queuing .. 564. Epilog .. 570. Exercises .. 570. 24 Token Bucket Rate Limiting 575. Token Bucket Definition .. 576. Token-Bucket Examples .. 578. Multiple Token Buckets .. 579. GCRA .. 580. Guaranteeing VoIP Bandwidth .. 581. Limiting Delay .. 582. Token Bucket Through One Router .. 583. vi Token Bucket Through Multiple Routers .. 584. Delay Constraints .. 584. CBQ .. 587. Linux HTB .. 587.
10 Parekh-Gallager Theorem .. 588. 25 Quality of Service 593. Net Neutrality .. 594. Where the Wild Queues Are .. 594. Real-time Traffic .. 595. Integrated Services / RSVP .. 597. Global IP Multicast .. 598. RSVP .. 603. Differentiated Services .. 607. RED with In and Out .. 611. NSIS .. 612. Comcast Congestion-Management System .. 612. Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) .. 613. Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) .. 618. Epilog .. 620. Exercises .. 620. 26 Network Management and SNMP 623. Network Architecture .. 625. SNMP Basics .. 625. SNMP Naming and OIDs .. 627. MIBs .. 629. SNMPv1 Data Types .. 630. Syntax and SNMP .. 630. SNMP Tables .. 631. SNMP Operations .. 636. MIB Browsing .. 641. MIB-2 .. 642. SNMPv1 communities and security.
