Analog and Digital Filter Design Second Edition

1 Ed Analog AND Digital Filter Design Second Edition Other titles in the EDN Series for Design Engineers Electromagnetics Explained: A Handbook for Wireless, RE EMC, and High-speed Electronics by Ron Schmitt, 0-7506-7403-2, Hardcover, 359 pgs., $ Practical RF Handbook, Third Edition by Ian Hickman 0-7506-5639-8, Paperback, 304 pgs., $ Poti'er Supply Cookbook, Second Edition by Marty Brown 0-7506-7329-X, Paperback, 336 pgs., $ Radio Frequency Transistors, Norman Dye and Helge Granberg 0-7506-7281-1, Paperback, 320 pgs., $ Troubleshooting Analog Circuits by Robert A. Pease 0-7506-9499-8, Paperback, 21 7 pgs., $ The Art and Science of Analog circuit Design , edited by Jim Williams 0-7506-7062-2, Paperback, 416 pgs.

2 , $ Introducing the EmM BOOKSTORE The mM Bookstore offers you: + Hundreds of great technical books by engineers for engineers + Monthly drawings for FREE books + Specials offers & discount pricing + FREE sample chapters Visit the Em Bookstore at Analog AND Digital Filter Design Second Edition STEVE WINDER @ Newnes An ~mprmnl of Butterworth-Hemernonn Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford Paris Son Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Science. Copyright 0 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

3 Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier Science prints its books on acid-frec 63 paper whenever possible. 6~ Elsevier Scicnce supports the efforts of American Forests and the Globdl RcLcaf program in its %f& campaign for the betterment of trees, forests, and our environment. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Winder, Steve. Analog and Digital Filter Design / Steve ed. Rev. ed. of: Filter Design . c1997. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-7506-7547-0 (pbk. : ) 1. Electric filters- Design and construction. I. Winder, Steve. Filter Design . 11. Title. p. cm. W568 2002 15 3244~21 2002071430 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book.

4 For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Elsevier Science 225 Wildwood Avenue Woburn, MA 01801-2041 Tel: 781-904-2500 Fax: 781-904-2620 For information on all Newnes publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 printed in the United States of America CONTENTS Preface 13 chapter 1 Introduction Fundamentals Why Use Filters? What Are Signals? Decibels The Transfer Function Filter Terminology Frequency Response Phase Response Analog Filters The Path to Analog Filter Design Digital Filters Signal Processing for the Digital World The "Brick Wall" Filter Digital Filter Types The Path to Digital Filter Design Exercises chapter 2 Time and Frequency Response Filter Requirements The Time Domain Analog Filter Normalization Normalized Lowpass Responses Bessel Response Bessel Normalized Lowpass Filter Component Values Butterworth Response Butterworth Normalized Lowpass Component Values Normalized Component Values for RL >> RS or RL << RS Normalized Component Values for Source and Load Impedances within a Factor of Ten 19 19 19 19 21 21 22 23 24 25 29 31 31 34 38

5 39 39 41 41 44 46 47 47 49 54 55 56 57 6 Analog and Digital Filter Design Chebyshev Response Normalized Component Values Equal Load Normalized Component Value Tables Normalized Element Values for Filters with RS = 0 or RS = - Inverse Chebyshev Response Component Values Normalized for 1 Rads Stopband Normalized 3dB Cutoff Frequencies and Passive Component Cauer Response Passive Cauer Filters Normalized Cauer Component Values The Cutoff Frequency References Exercises Values 58 63 65 67 69 71 75 78 78 80 81 81 82 chapter 3 Poles and Zeroes 83 Frequency and Time Domain Relationship The S-Plane Frequency Response and the S-Plane Impulse Response and the S-Plane The Laplace Transform-Converting between Time and Frequency Domains First-Order Filters Pole and Zero Locations Butterworth Poles Bessel Poles Chebyshev Pole Locations Inverse Chebyshev Pole and Zero Locations Inverse Chebyshev Zero Locations Cauer Pole and Zero Locations Cauer Pole Zero Plot References Exercises 84 84 85 88 90 90 94 94 96 98 1 09 1 09 117 121 122 122 chapter 4 Analog Lowpass Filters 125 Passive Filters Formulae for Passive Lowpass Filter Denormalization Denormalizing Passive Filters with Resonant Elements Mains Filter Design Active Lowpass Filters First-Order Filter Section 125 127 128 129 132 132 Contents Sullen and Key Lowpass Filter Denormalizing Sullen and Key Filter Designs State Variable Lowpass Filters Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Active Filters

6 Denormalizing State Variable or Biquad Designs Frequency Dependent Negative Resistance (FDNR) Filters Denormalization of FDNR Filters References Exercises chapter 5 Highpass Filters Passive Filters Formulae for Passive Highpass Filter Denormalization Highpass Filters with Transmission Zeroes Active Highpass Filters First-Order Filter Section Sullen and Key Highpass Filter Using Lowpass Pole to Find Component Values Using Highpass Poles to Find Component Values Operational Amplifier Requirements Denormalizing Sullen and Key or First-Order Designs State Variable Highpass Filters Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Active Filters Denormalizing State Variable or Biquad Designs Gyrator Filters Reference Exercises chapter 6 Bandpass Filters Lowpass to Bandpass Transformation Passive Filters Formula for Passive

7 Bandpass Filter Denormalization Passive Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Bandpass Filters Active Bandpass Filters Bandpass Poles and Zeroes Bandpass Filter Midband Gain Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter Denormalizing MFBP Active Filter Designs Dual Amplifier Bandpass (DABP) Filter Denormalizing DABP Active Filter Designs State Variable Bandpass Filters 7 133 135 136 137 138 1 40 144 146 146 147 147 150 152 1 54 156 157 158 158 159 159 161 162 166 167 171 172 173 173 174 178 180 182 182 185 187 188 190 191 192 8 Analog and Digital Filter Design Denormalization of State Variable Design Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Active Filters Denormalizing Biquad Designs Reference Exercises chapter 7 Bandstop Filters Passive Filters Formula for Passive Bandstop Filter Denormalization Passive Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Bandstop Filters Active Bandstop Filters Bandstop Poles and Zeroes The Twin Tee Bandstop Filter Denormalization of Twin Tee Notch Filter Bandstop Using Multiple Feedback Bandpass

8 Section Denormalization of Bandstop Design Using MFBP Section Bandstop Using Dual Amplifier Bandpass (DABP) Section Denormalization of Bandstop Design Using DABP Section State Variable Bandstop Filters Denormalization of Bandstop State Variable Filter Section Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Active Filters Denormalization of Bandstop Biquad Filter Section References Exercises chapter 8 impedance Matching Networks Power Splitters and Diplexer Filters Power Splitters and Combiners Designing a Diplexer Impedance Matching Networks Series and Parallel circuit Relationships Matching Using L, T, and PI Networks Component Values for L Networks Component Values for PI and T Networks Bandpass Matching into a Single Reactance Load Simple Networks and VSWR VSWR of L Matching Network (Type A) VSWR of L Matching Network (Type B)

9 VSWR of T Matching Networks VSWR of PI Matching Networks Exercises 193 194 196 197 197 199 200 204 205 209 209 213 21 4 21 4 216 216 21 7 218 219 21 9 22 1 22 1 22 1 223 226 228 23 1 232 233 234 236 237 238 238 239 240 240 24 1 Contents 9 chapter 9 Phase-Shift Networks (All-Pass Filters) Phase Equalizing All-Pass Filters Introduction to the Problem Detailed Analysis The Solution: All-Pass Networks Passive First-Order Equalizers Passive Second -Order Equalizers Active First-Order Equalizers Active Second -Order Equalizers Equalization of Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters Group Delay of Butterworth Filters Equalization of Chebyshev Filters Chebyshev Group Delay Quadrature Networks and Single Sideband Generation References Exercises chapter 10 Selecting Components for Analog Filters Capacitors Inductors Resistors The printed circuit board (PCB)

10 Surface-Mount PCBs Assembly and Test Operational Amplifiers Measurements on Filters Reference Exercises chapter 11 Filter Design Software Filter Design Programs Supplied Software Active-F Filter2 Ellipse Diplexer Match2A References 243 243 243 244 246 247 249 253 254 255 256 263 263 273 283 284 285 285 289 29 1 292 293 294 295 296 297 297 299 299 299 300 30 1 302 303 304 305 1 0 Analog and Digital Filter Design chapter 12 Transmission Lines and printed circuit Boards as Filters Transmission Lines as Filters Open- circuit Line Short- circuit Line Use of Misterminated Lines printed Circuits as Filters Bandpass Filters References Exercises chapter 13 Filters for Phase-locked loops Loop Filters Higher-Order Loops Analog versus Digital Phase-Locked Loop Practical Digital Phase-Locked Loop Phase Noise Capture and Lock Range Reference chapter 14 Filter Integrated Circuits Continuous Time Filters Integrated circuit Filter UAF42 Integrated circuit Filter MAX274 Integrated circuit Filter MAX275 Integrated circuit Filter MAX270lMAX271 Switched Capacitor Filters Switched Capacitor Filter IC LT1066-1 Microprocessor Programmable ICs MAX260 IMAX261 /MAX262 Pin Programmable ICs MAX263/MAX264/MAX267/MAX268 Other Switched Capacitor Filters An Application of Switched Capacitor Filters Resistor Value Calculations Synthesizer Filtering Reference chapter 15 Introduction to Digital Filters Analog -to- Digital Conversion Under-Sampling Over-Sampling 307