AND THE JOINT UAV PROGRAM A

1 DTIC FILE COpy0 ARMY unmanned aerial VEHICLE (UAV) REQUIREMENTSAND THE JOINT UAV PROGRAM00NA thesis presented to the Faculty of the ArmyCommand and General Staff College in partialfulfillment of the requirements for thedegreeMASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCEbyWILLIAM R. HARSHMAN, MAJ, , Indiana Institute of Technology, 1975 OTICiLECTEFort Leavenworth, Kansas 219 11990 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS ApprovedREPORT DOCUMENTA'[O-N PAGE 0MB No 0704-0188qatheeng and namita,n',ng hie data needed, and cn'oiel nq aned lee-qn'n he C ~e1O' of nfo,rnai,ors Send (otmm~ts Tyadng -,his bur~den estimate or asy Vlne, aspeti of f'.s,O'e(Ion of " formation. inClienr Sgge~reorP fOf cdU ng9 this b,.ede. :0 V~ahrq1on ledoriesi SerN,(ei. Onftoale 0, Irfomat-on Oc, ,, and Pt-oons. 12 IS )efleirsoDavis Hlgh.'y, Sute 1204. Arlington. VA 222C2-4302 and to the Qffire of vanse'ent 6,,,d Paper,,,iork RededIQI Poe (0704-0988), Washington. OC 205031. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2.))]

2 REP~ORJ DAiTEi9 3. PAP T toP 6-1990S&9l0. fl1LE AND SUBTITLE S. FUNDING NUMBERSArmy unmanned aerial Vehicle (UAV) Requirementsand the JOINT UAV Program6. AUTHOR(S)Major William R. Harshman7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING OkGANIZATtUNREPORT Army Command and General Staff ColicgeAttn: ATZL-SWD-GDFort Leavenworth, KS 66027-69009. SPONSORING/ MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/ MONITORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES12a. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODEA pproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. A13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 wvords)At the direction of Congress, all non-lethal unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) programsof the military services were consolidated into a JOINT Department of Defenseprogram. A result of this legislation was the publication of a JOINT master plandirecting the future of UAV development. The purpose of this study is to determineif the Department of Defense JOINT unmanned aerial vehicle PROGRAM will satisfy theUAV needs of the Army to conduct tactical 'intelligence collection.

3 The studycompares the requirements of the Army UAV PROGRAM against the specifications for thejoint close-range (JUAV-CR) and JOINT short-range (JUAV-SR) UAV systems. The studyconcludes the Army has3 clearly defined its requirements for unmanned aerial vehicleoperations. The research finds significant differences exist between the Army andjoint programs . However, these differences do not impact on the essential needs ofthe Army. The JOINT UAV PROGRAM supports the UAV needs of the Army. After a slowstart, the JOINT UAV PROGRAM is proceeding rapidly. Barring funding constraints, theArmy, and the other services, will soon possess an operational short-range (out to150 kin) UAV system capable of performing tactical intelligence SUBJECT TERMS unmanned aerial Vehicles, UAV, Remotely Piloted 15. NUMBER OF PAGESV ehicles, RPV, Intelligence Collection, Tactical Intelligence, 135 Intelligence Requirements, Drones 16. PRICE CODE17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICAT ON '9 SFCIIPITY CLASSIFICATION 20.

4 LIMITATION Of ABSTRACTR nclasified Inc assied Unc asired ULNSN 7540-01-280-5500 .Standard Forti 298 (Rev 2-89)PC,iiis bed by ANSI %td 139-1198-102 ARMY unmanned aerial VEHICLE (UAV) REQUIREMENTSAND THE JOINT UAV PROGRAMA thesis presented to the Faculty of the ArmyCommand and General Staff College in partialfulfillment of the requirements for thedegreeMASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCEbyWILLIAM R. HARSHMAN, MAJ, , Indiana Institute of Technology, 1975 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas1990 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCETHESIS APPROVAL PAGEName of candidate: MAJ William R. HarshmanTitle of thesis: Army unmanned aerial Vehicle (UAV)Requirements and the JOINT UAV ProgramApproved by:W. L 6nl , Thesis Committee ChairmanMAJ ames M. Adams, -1/. 4, Member, Graduate FacultyMAJ Daniel H. Page , Member, Consulting FacultyCOL Charles A. Endress, (USAR) this 1st day of June 1990 by: Director, Graduate DegreePhilip J. Brookes, ProgramsThe opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those ofthe student author and do not necessarily represent thevievs of the Army Command and General Staff College orany other governmental agency.

5 (References to this studyshould include the foregoing statement.)iiABSTRACTARMY unmanned aerial VEHICLE (UAV) REQUIREMENTS AND THEJOINT UAV PROGRAM : An analysis of how the JOINT UAVprogram satisfies the Army's zequirements forintelligence collection UAVs, by Major William , USA, 122 many years of attempting to develop and fieldoperational unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), the UAV programsof the military services were halted at the direction ofCongress. All non-lethal UAV programs were consolidatedinto a JOINT Department of Defense PROGRAM . A result ofthis legislation was the publication of a JOINT master plandirecting the future of UAV development. -The purpose ofthis study is to determine if the Department of DefenseJoint unmanned aerial vehicle PROGRAM will satisfy the UAVneeds of the Army to conduct tactical study employs a simple methodology. -,First, UAVrequirements-as defined by both the Army and the Departmentof Defenseare <,Icondi the Army requirementsare tested for validity within the framework of the Army'scapstone war-fighting doctrine, AirLand Battle, andsupporting doctrine for the conduct of intelligenceoperations.

6 Third, the operational characteristicsspecified by the Army are compared with the same criteria asdefined for the equivalent JOINT UAV system. The final stepis the identification of differences in the two programs anddetermining the impact on future Army UAV study concludeslthe Army has clearly defined itsrequirements for - unmanned aerial vehicli1~operations. Theserequirements are valid and fully support the Army's war-* fighting doctrine., The research fi'tdv significantdifferences exist between the Army and JOINT programs ,However, these differences do not impact on the essentialneeds of the Army. The JOINT UAV PROGRAM supports the UAVneeds of the Army. After a slow start, the JOINT UAVprogram is proceeding rapidly. Barring funding constraints,the Army, and the other services, will soon possess anoperational short-range (out to 150 km) UAV system capableof performing tactical intelligence would like to express my sincere appreciation tothe members of my thesis committee -COL Charles A.

7 Endress,MAJ James M. Adams, and MAJ Daniel H. Page. Without theirassistance this study would not have been is also extended to those whocontributed in some manner towards the completion of thisstudy. They are all too numerous for inclusion within theconfines of this , I would like to thank my family -my wifeTerri and son Andrew -for their support and understandingduring the past nine ForNTIS ORA&IDTIC TAB 13 Unarnounced 0 Juoitif Icut ___ivTABLE OF CONTENTSABSTRACT .. iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .. ivChapter1. STUDY DESCRIPTION ..1 Introduction ..1 Problem Statement .. 8 Research Question .. 9 Significance of Study .. 9 Research Objective .. 9 Definitions .. 10 Background .. 12 Limitations .. 17 Delimitations .. 18 Assumptions .. 18 Methodology .. 19 Organization of the Study .. 20 End Notes .. 222. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .. 24 Introduction .. 24 Research of Army and DOD Requirements .. 26 Background Information .. 29 Historical Perspective .. 30 Analysis of Army Requirements.

8 31 Academic Studies .. 34 Analysis of Existing Research .. 36 Summary .. 36 End Notes .. 383. METHODOLOGY .. 39 Introduction .. 39 Explanation of Methodology .. 40 The Comparison Tables .. 47 Strengths and Weaknesses .. 48 End Notes .. 504. ARMY UAV REQUIREMENTS .. 51 Introduction .. 51 Army Intelligence Collection Needs .. 52 UAVs as Intelligence Collectors .. 59vValidity of Army Requirements .. 62 The JOINT UAV PROGRAM .. 64 Summary .. 67 End Notes .. 685. JOINT UAV PROGRAM VERSUS ARMY NEEDS .. 70 Introduction .. 70 JUAV-SR as the Army UAV-Deep .. 70 General System Characteristics .. 71 Air Vehicle .. 74 Mission Payload .. 77 Data Link .. 79 Ground Control Station .. 80 Video Monitor .. 84 Launch and Recovery Section .. 84 JUAV-CR as the Army UAV-Close .. 86 General System .. 87 Air 90 Mission Payload .. 92 Data Link .. 94 Ground Control Station ..95 Video Monitor ..98 Launch and Recovery Section .. 996. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .. 102 Introduction.

9 102 Summary Of Significant Findings .. 103 Primary Conclusions .. 108 Supporting Conclusions .. 110 Recommendations .. 116 Recommendations for Further Research .. 117 Summary .. 118 End Notes .. 121 BIBLIOGRAPHY .. 122 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST .. 127viLIST OF TABLEST able Page1. Army Deep, General System .. 722. Army Deep, Air Vehicle .. 763. Army Deep, Mission Payload .. 784. Army Deep, Data Link .. 805. Army Deep, Ground Control Station .. 816. Army Deep, Video Monitor .. 837. Army Deep, Launch and Recovery .. 858. Army Close, General System .. 889. Army Close, Air Vehicle .. 9110. Army Close, Mission Payload .. 9311. Army Close, Data Link .. 9512. Army Close, Ground Control Station .. 9613. Army Close, Video Monitor .. 9914. Army Close, Launch and Recovery .. 100viiLIST OF FIGURESF igure Page1. Pioneer unmanned aerial 32. JOINT UAV 65viiiCHAPTER ONESTUDY DESCRIPTIONI ntroductionThe need to collect information on the compositionand location of the enemy force has existed since Wellingtonmaneuvered his forces behind hills, out of sight of theenemy commander.

10 The use of aerial observers has long beenrecognized as a means to collect this information. With theadvent of the airplane and aerial photography came the ideaof using unmanned aircraft carrying cameras to photographthe enemy forces have long recognized unmanned aircraft as arelatively low cost, low risk method to collect informationon an unfriendly or enemy force. The United States Army hasattempted to develop and field an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) to conduct intelligence collection missions since1952. UAVs are well suited to flying into high threat areasdenied to manned aircraft and completing the United States Army recognized this possibility asearly as World War I. However, after years of trying to1develop an UAV to serve as an intelligence collectionplatform, the United States Army is one of the few modernarmies in the world today not having an operationalintelligence collection compared with manned aircraft, UAVs arerelatively simple, small, and inexpensive to produce andoperate.