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1 1/6 1. 2. 1980 1 2011 12 preoperative fasting guideline oral rehydration therapy milk light meal MEDLINE Cochrane Library Level-I: 100 Level-II 100 Level-III Level-IV Level-V A 2 Level-I B 1 Level-I C Level-II D 2 Level-III E Level-IV Level-V 3.

2 [1] 2/6 4. 5. 2 A 2 3 19 [2-20] [4,5,8,9,10,11-19] [2,3,6,7,20] pH pH 19 10 [7,10,12,13,14,17,18,19,21,22] 2 3 10mL[7,8,16] [9,10,13-15] [21] 6.

3 4 C 120 18% [27] 4 [22,28-30] 4 [28] 3/6 2 4 67. 6 C 5 120 47% 55% [27] [31] 6 [22,28-30] 6 [28] 6 [28] 8. 6 [22,28] 8 [28] 4/6 [1] American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia.

4 Practice guidelines for obstetric anesthesia: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2007;106:843-63 [2] Maltby JR, Sutherland AD, Sale JP, Shaffer EA Preoperative oral fluids is a five-hour fast justified prior to elective surgery? anesth Analg 1986;65(11) 1112-1116. [3] Sutherland AD, Maltby JR, Sale JP, Reid CR The effect of preoperative oral fluid and ranitidine on gastric fluid volume and pH. Can J Anaesth 1987;34(2) 117-121. [4] McGrady EM, Macdonald AG Effect of the preoperative administration of water on gastric volume and pH. Br J Anaesth 1988;60(7) 803-805. [5] Hutchinson A, Maltby JR, Reid CR Gastric fluid volume and pH in elective inpatients. Part I Coffee or orange juice versus overnight fast. Can J Anaesth 1988 ;35(1) 12-15.

5 [6] Agarwal A, Chari P, Singh H Fluid deprivation before operation. The effect of a small drink. Anaesthesia 1989;44(8) 632-634. [7] Splinter WM, Stewart JA, Muir JG The effect of preoperative apple juice on gastric contents, thirst, and hunger in children. Can J Anaesth 1989;36(1) 55-58. [8] Splinter WM, Stewart JA, Muir JG Large volumes of apple juice preoperatively do not affect gastric pH and volume in children. Can J Anaesth 1990;37(1) 36-39. [9] Splinter WM, Schaefer JD Unlimited clear fluid ingestion two hours before surgery in children does not affect volume or pH of stomach contents. Anaesth Intensive Care 1990;18(4) 522-526. [10] Splinter WM, Schaefer JD, Zunder IH Clear fluids three hours before surgery do not affect the gastric fluid contents of children. Can J Anaesth 1990;37(5) 498-501. [11] Schreiner MS, Triebwasser A, Keon TP Ingestion of liquids compared with preoperative fasting in pediatric outpatients.

6 Anesthesiology 1990;72(4) 593-597. [12] Miller BR, Tharp JA, Issacs WB Gastric residual volume in infants and children following a 3-hour fast. J Clin anesth 1990;2(5) 301-305. [13] Splinter WM, Schaefer JD Ingestion of clear fluids is safe for adolescents up to 3 h before anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1991;66(1) 48-52. [14] Read MS, Vaughan RS Allowing pre-operative patients to drink effects on patients' safety and comfort of unlimited oral water until 2 hours before anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991;35(7) 591-595. [15] Nicolson SC, Dorsey AT, Schreiner MS Shortened preanesthetic fasting interval in pediatric cardiac surgical patients. anesth Analg 1992;74(5) 694-697. 5/6 [16] Maekawa N, Mikawa K, Yaku H, Nishina K, Obara H Effects of 2-, 4- and 12-hour fasting intervals on preoperative gastric fluid pH and volume, and plasma glucose and lipid homeostasis in children.

7 Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993;37(8) 783-787. [17] Phillips S, Hutchinson S, Davidson T Preoperative drinking does not affect gastric contents. Br J Anaesth 1993;70(1) 6-9. [18] Gombar S, Dureja J, Kiran S, Gombar K, Chhabra B The effect of pre-operative intake of oral water and ranitidine on gastric fluid volume and pH in children undergoing elective surgery. J Indian Med Assoc 1997;95(6) 166-168. [19] Itou K, Fukuyama T, Sasabuchi Y, Yasuda H, Suzuki N, Hinenoya H, Kim C, Sanui M, Taniguchi H, Miyao H, Seo N, Takeuchi M, Iwao Y, Sakamoto A, Fujita Y, Suzuki T Safety and efficacy of oral rehydration therapy until 2 h before surgery a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J anesth 2012;26 20-27. [20] Taniguchi H, Sasaki T, Fujita H, Takamori M, Kawasaki R, Momiyama Y, Takano O, Shibata T, Goto T Preoperative fluid and electrolyte management with oral rehydration therapy.

8 J anesth 2009;23(2) 222-229. [21] Lobo DN, Hendry PO, Rodrigues G, Marciani L, Totman JJ, Wright JW, Preston T, Gowland P, Spiller RC, Fearon KC. Gastric emptying of three liquid oral preoperative metabolic preconditioning regimens measured by magnetic resonance imaging in healthy adult volunteers a randomised double-blind, crossover study. Clin Nutr 2009;28(6) 636-641. [22] Smith I, Kranke P, Murat I, Smith A, O'Sullivan G, S reide E, Spies C, in't Veld B; European Society of Anaesthesiology Perioperative fasting in adults and children guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011;28(8) 556-569. [23] Farthing MJ Oral rehydration therapy. Pharmacol Ther 1994;64(3) 477-492. [24] King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, Duggan C ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy.

9 MMWR Recomm Rep 2003;52(RR-16) 1-16. [25] Mauer AM, Dweck HS, Finberg L, Holmes F, Reynolds JW, Suskind RM, Woodruff CW, Hellerstein S American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition Use of oral fluid therapy and posttreatment feeding following enteritis in children in a developed country. Pediatrics 1985;75(2) 358-361. [26] Recommendations for composition of oral rehydration solutions for the children of Europe. Report of an ESPGAN Working Group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992;14(1) 113-115. 6/6 [27] Billeaud C, Guillet J, Sandler B. Gastric emptying in infants with or without gastro-oesophageal reflux according to the type of milk. Eur J Clin Nutr 1990 ;44(8) 577-583. [28] American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters.

10 Anesthesiology 2011;114(3) 495-511. [29] Royal College of Nursing Perioperative fasting in adults and children an RCN guideline for the multidisciplinary team. London Royal College of Nursing 2005. [30] Merchant R, Bosenberg C, Brown K, Chartrand D, Dain S, Dobson J, Kurrek M, LeDez K, Morgan P, Penner M, Shukla R Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society. Guidelines to the Practice of Anesthesia Revised edition 2011. Can J Anaesth 2011;58(1) 74-107. [31] Brady M, Kinn S, Ness V, O'Rourke K, Randhawa N, Stuart P Preoperative fasting for preventing perioperative complications in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;7(4) CD005285. 2012