Annex 4 - WHO

1 189 Annex 4 recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccinesReplacement of Annex 2 of WHO Technical Report Series, No. 786 and Annex 4 of WHO Technical Report Series, No. 889 Abbreviations 1911. Introduction 1912. General considerations 192 Part A. Manufacturing recommendations Definitions General manufacturing recommendations Control of source materials Fermentation Single harvests Control of aqueous bulk (purified antigen bulk) Final vaccine bulk Filling and containers Control tests on the final vaccine lot Records Retained samples Labelling Distribution and shipping Stability testing, storage and expiry date 207 Part B. Nonclinical evaluation Strategy for cloning and expressing the gene product Characterization of purified HBsAg for new vaccines Animal models Nonclinical safety studies Toxicology studies 210 Part C. Clinical evaluation Consideration for clinical studies Assessment of the immune response Clinical studies Post-marketing studies 215 Part D.

2 recommendations for national regulatory authorities General Release and certification 216190 WHO Technical Report Series No. 978, 2013 WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization Sixty-first reportRecommendations published by WHO are intended to be scientific and advisory. Each of the following sections constitutes guidance for national regulatory authorities (NRAs) and for manufacturers of biological products. If an NRA so desires, these recommendations may be adopted as definitive national requirements, or modifications may be justified and made by the NRA. It is recommended that modifications to these recommendations be made only on condition that the modifications ensure that the vaccine is at least as safe and efficacious as that prepared in accordance with the recommendations set out below. The parts of each section printed in small type are comments for additional guidance intended for manufacturers and NRAs, which may benefit from these and acknowledgements 217 References 219 Appendix 1 Methodological considerations.

3 Potency tests for recombinant hepatitis B vaccines 221 Appendix 2 Summary protocol for manufacture and control of hepatitis B vaccines 228 Appendix 3 Model certificate for the release of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine by a national regulatory authority 240 Annex 4191 Abbreviationsanti-HBs antibody to HBsAgCHO Chinese hamster ovaryED50 median effective doseGMT geometric mean titreICH International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human UseIU International UnitHBsAg hepatitis B surface antigenMCB master cell bankMPL monophosphoryl lipid ANAT nucleic acid amplification testNIBSC National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlNRA national regulatory authorityPAG E polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisSDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisUSA United States of AmericaWCB working cell bank1. IntroductionThese recommendations are intended to provide national regulatory authorities (NRAs) and vaccine manufacturers with background and guidance on the production, quality control and evaluation of the safety and efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines for prophylactic first document outlining the Requirements for the production and control of hepatitis B vaccines containing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) purified from the plasma of chronically infected individuals was adopted by the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in 1980 (1) and later revised in 1987 (2).

4 Following the development of hepatitis B vaccines containing HBsAg produced by recombinant DNA techniques in yeast, a new set of Requirements 192 WHO Technical Report Series No. 978, 2013 WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization Sixty-first reportwas developed subsequent to a meeting of experts in 1985 (3) and was adopted by the Committee in 1986 (4). These Requirements were revised to include vaccines produced by recombinant techniques in mammalian cells as well as yeast cells, in 1988 (5).With the development and implementation of new in vitro assays to determine antigen content, an amendment was published to include the use of the in vitro assay in the quality control of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines (6).The current document applies to vaccines containing HBsAg only and will replace the WHO Requirements for hepatitis B vaccine made by recombinant DNA techniques, published as Annex 2 in WHO Technical Report Series, No.

5 786 (5) and with a corresponding amendment in Annex 4 of WHO Technical Report Series, No. 889 (6). It should be read in conjunction with all other relevant WHO guidelines, including those on nonclinical and clinical evaluation of vaccines (7, 8).2. General considerationsHepatitis B virus has several characteristics that distinguish it from the other families of DNA viruses. It has an outer coat (more substantial than a membrane or envelope) consisting of protein, lipid and carbohydrate, and bearing a unique antigen complex, HBsAg. Its nucleic acid consists of a circular DNA genome of relative molecular mass of about 2 million, part of which is double stranded and part single stranded, which is an unusual feature among viruses. Virus recovered from the plasma of a hepatitis B carrier was used to clone the HBsAg HBsAg gene has been inserted into yeast and mammalian cells by means of appropriate expression vectors. Antigen expressed in several species of yeast namely Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris and Hansenula polymorpha and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has been used to produce hepatitis B vaccines for more than 20 years.

6 Electron microscopy revealed that purified HBsAg obtained from transfected cultures exists as particles that are 15 30 nm in diameter, with the morphological characteristics of free surface antigen in plasma. Purified antigen has been shown to induce antibodies in mice and guinea-pigs and to protect chimpanzees from infection with hepatitis B hepatitis B vaccines currently on the market require formulation with adjuvants. Preservatives are used for multidose presentations but there are some single-dose presentations available without preservative. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccines are available as monovalent products or included in combination vaccines together with other antigens such as hepatitis A virus, diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, whole-cell or acellular pertussis components, Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugated antigen and inactivated poliomyelitis recommendations that follow apply to the manufacture, quality control, and nonclinical and clinical evaluation of hepatitis B vaccines containing Annex 4193 HBsAg made by recombinant DNA methods.

7 It is expected that new or significantly modified recombinant hepatitis B vaccine formulations will be characterized according to the recommendations made in Part A and Part B of this document and assessed in clinical studies, as described in Part emphasis is placed on the introduction of in-process controls to monitor consistency of production, in addition to the tests on the final product. Certain tests will be required on every batch of vaccine, whereas others will be required only to support licensure or significant manufacturing vaccine lots used in clinical trials should be adequately representative of the formulation and manufacturing scale intended for A. Manufacturing International name and proper nameThe international name should be recombinant hepatitis B vaccine . The proper name should be the equivalent of the international name in the language of the country of origin. The use of the international name should be limited to vaccines that satisfy the requirements described Descriptive definitionThe recombinant hepatitis B vaccine is a preparation of purified HBsAg that has been produced by recombinant DNA techniques.

8 The antigen may be formulated with a suitable International reference materialsInternational standards and reference reagents for the control of potency of hepatitis B vaccine are not available. Therefore, product-specific reference preparations may be Second International Standard for HBsAg (non-adjuvanted HBsAg) subtype adw2, genotype A contains 33 International Units (IU) per vial. This material is intended as a quantitative reference standard for HBsAg subtype adw2, genotype A, and the use of this standard will give an indication of the analytical sensitivity of an assay for the detection of HBsAg. The International Standard for HBsAg should not be used as a vaccine International Standard for hepatitis B immunoglobulin is available for use in assays designed to quantify antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) in human serum. Antibody responses to hepatitis B vaccines should be expressed in IU.

9 The Second 194 WHO Technical Report Series No. 978, 2013 WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization Sixty-first reportInternational Standard for hepatitis B immunoglobulin (2008) was prepared from fractionated human plasma and freeze-dried in ampoules. It has an assigned potency of 100 IU/ampoule. This preparation is in the custody of the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, TerminologyAdjuvant: a vaccine adjuvant is a component that potentiates the vaccine s immune response to an antigen and/or modulates it towards the desired immune agents: contaminating microorganisms of the cell substrate or source materials used in its culture that may include bacteria, fungi, mycoplasmas and endogenous and exogenous viruses that have been unintentionally bulk: purified antigen bulk before the addition of an : Antibodies to HBsAg (see below).

10 Cell bank: a collection of containers ( ampoules, vials) containing aliquots of a suspension of cells from a single pool of cells of uniform composition, stored frozen under defined conditions (typically < 60 C for yeast, and in liquid nitrogen for mammalian cell lines).End-of-production cells: a cell suspension containing the cells harvested at the end of vaccine bulk: the formulated bulk, prepared from one or more batches of aqueous bulk (purified antigen) to which adjuvant has been added, present in the container from which the final containers are vaccine lot: a collection of sealed final containers of vaccine that is homogeneous with respect to the risk of contamination during the filling process. A final vaccine lot must therefore have been filled from a single vessel of final bulk in one working B virus: a 42-nm double-shelled virus particle, originally known as the Dane particle, which contains the DNA genome of the : hepatitis B surface antigen, comprising a complex of antigens associated with the virus envelope and subviral forms (22 nm spherical and tubular particles).