Anscombe GEM. 1958. Modern moral philosophy 1. …

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

6 :H FDQQRW WKHQ ORRN WR $ULVWRWOH IRU DQ\ HOXFLGDWLRQ RI WKH %HQWKDP DQG 0 LOO GR QRW QRWLFH WKH GLIILFXOW\ RI WKH FRQFHSW. PRGHUQ ZD\ RI WDONLQJ DERXW PRUDO JRRGQHVV REOLJDWLRQ SOHDVXUH 7KH\ DUH RIWHQ VDLG WR KDYH JRQH ZURQJ WKURXJK. HWF $QG DOO WKH EHVW NQRZQ ZULWHUV RQ HWKLFV LQ PRGHUQ FRPPLWWLQJ WKH QDWXUDOLVWLF IDOODF\ EXW WKLV FKDUJH GRHV. WLPHV IURP %XWOHU WR 0 LOO DSSHDU WR PH WR KDYH IDXOWV DV QRW LPSUHVV PH EHFDXVH , GR QRW ILQG DFFRXQWV RI LW FRKHU . WKLQNHUV RQ WKH VXEMHFW ZKLFK PDNH LW LPSRVVLEOH WR KRSH IRU HQW %XW WKH RWKHU SRLQW DERXW SOHDVXUH VHHPV WR PH D.

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

8 MXGJPHQWV IURP LW DQG SURIHVVHV WKDW KH KDV SURYHG WKDW LQJ DQG LW UHDSSHDUHG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH DV D SUREOHPDWLF RQH. WKH\ DUH VR H[FOXGHG +H DOVR LPSOLFLWO\ GHILQHV SDVVLRQ RQO\ D \HDU RU WZR DJR ZKHQ 5\OH ZURWH DERXW LW 7KH UHDVRQ. LQ VXFK D ZD\ WKDW DLPLQJ DW DQ\WKLQJ LV KDYLQJ D SDVVLRQ LV VLPSOH VLQFH /RFNH SOHDVXUH ZDV WDNHQ WR EH VRPH VRUW. +LV REMHFWLRQ WR SDVVLQJ IURP LV WR RXJKW ZRXOG DS RI LQWHUQDO LPSUHVVLRQ %XW LW ZDV VXSHUILFLDO LI WKDW ZDV. SO\ HTXDOO\ WR SDVVLQJ IURP LV WR RZHV RU IURP LV WR WKH ULJKW DFFRXQW RI LW WR PDNH LW WKH SRLQW RI DFWLRQV 2QH.]

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