Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching

1 Approaches and Methods inLanguage Teaching Cambridge University University Press978-0-521-80365-6 - Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching , Second EditionJack C. Richards and Theodore S. RodgersFrontmatterMore information CAMBRIDGE Language Teaching LIBRARYA series covering central issues in Language Teaching and learning , by authorswho have expert knowledge in their this series:Affect in Language learning edited by Jane ArnoldApproaches and Methods in Language Teaching , Second Edition, by Jack and Theodore S. RodgersAppropriate Methodology and Social Context by Adrian HollidayBeyond Training by Jack C. RichardsCollaborative Action research for English Language Teachers by Anne BurnsCollaborative Language learning and Teaching edited by David NunanCommunicative Language Teaching By William LittlewoodDesigning Tasks for the Communicative Classroom by David NunanDeveloping Reading Skills by Fran coise GrelletDevelopments in English for Specific Purposes by Tony Dudley-Evans and MaggieJo St.

2 JohnDiscourse Analysis for Language Teachers by Michael McCarthyDiscourse and Language Education by Evelyn HatchEnglish for Academic Purposes by R. R. JordanEnglish for Specific Purposes by Tom Hutchinson and Alan WatersEstablishing Self-Access: From Theory to Practice by David Gardner and LindsayMillerForeign and Second Language learning by William LittlewoodLanguage learning in Intercultural Perspective edited by Michael Byram andMichael FlemingThe Language Teaching Matrix by Jack C. RichardsLanguage Test Construction and Evaluation by J. Charles Alderson, CarolineChapham, and Dianne WallLearner-centredness as Language Education by Ian TudorManaging Curricular Innovation by Numa MarkeeMaterials Development in Language Teaching edited by Brian TomlinsonNew Immigrants in the United States edited by Sandra Lee McKay and Sau-lingCynthia WongPsychology for Language Teachers by Marion Williams and Robert L.

3 BurdenResearch Methods in Language learning by David NunanSecond Language Teacher Education edited by Jack C. Richards and David NunanSociety and the Language Classroom edited by Hywel ColemanTeacher learning in Language Teaching edited by Donald Freeman and Jack the Spoken Language by Gillian Brown and George YuleUnderstanding research in Second Language learning by James Dean BrownVocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy edited by Norbert Schmitt andMichael McCarthyVocabulary, Semantics, and Language Education by Evelyn Hatch and CherylBrownVoices From the Language Classroom edited by Kathleen M. Bailey and DavidNunan Cambridge University University Press978-0-521-80365-6 - Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching , Second EditionJack C. Richards and Theodore S. RodgersFrontmatterMore information Approaches andMethods inLanguage TeachingSecond EditionJack C. RichardsSoutheast Asian Ministers of Education OrganizationRegional Language Centre, SingaporeandTheodore S.

4 RodgersUniversity of HawaiiManoa Cambridge University University Press978-0-521-80365-6 - Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching , Second EditionJack C. Richards and Theodore S. RodgersFrontmatterMore informationCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSC ambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S o PauloCambridge University Press40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011 4211, on this Cambridge University Press 2001 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University published 1986 Second edition 200111th printing 2006 Printed in the United States of AmericaA catalogue record for this book is available from the British of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Richards, Jack and Methods in Language Teaching / Jack C.

5 Richards and Theodore S. Rodgers. 2nd cm. (Cambridge Language Teaching library)Includes bibliographic references and 0-52180365-9 ISBN 0-521-00843-3 (pbk.)1. Language and languages Study and Teaching . I. Rodgers, Theodore S. (TheodoreStephen). II. Title. III. 2001418 .0071 dc2100 048624 ISBN-13 978-0-521-80365-6 hardbackISBN-10 0-521-80365-9 hardbackISBN-13 978-0-521-00843-3 paperbackISBN-10 0-521-00843-3 paperbackCambridge University Press has no responsibility forthe persistence or accuracy of URLs for external orthird-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publicationand does not guarantee that any content on suchWeb sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Cambridge University University Press978-0-521-80365-6 - Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching , Second EditionJack C. Richards and Theodore S. RodgersFrontmatterMore informationvContentsPrefaceviiPart I Major Language trends in twentieth-century languageteaching11 A brief history of Language teaching32 The nature of Approaches and Methods in Language teaching183 The Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching364 The Audiolingual Method50 Part II Alternative Approaches and methods715 Total Physical Response736 The Silent Way817 Community Language Learning908 Suggestopedia1009 Whole Language10810 Multiple Intelligences11511 Neurolinguistic Programming12512 The lexical approach13213 Competency-Based Language Teaching141 Part III Current communicative approaches15114 Communicative Language Teaching153 Cambridge University University Press978-0-521-80365-6 - Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching , Second EditionJack C.

6 Richards and Theodore S. RodgersFrontmatterMore informationContentsvi15 The Natural Approach17816 Cooperative Language Learning19217 Content-Based Instruction20418 Task-Based Language Teaching22319 The post- Methods era244 Author index257 Subject index261 Cambridge University University Press978-0-521-80365-6 - Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching , Second EditionJack C. Richards and Theodore S. RodgersFrontmatterMore informationviiPrefaceThis is a revised and reorganized version of the first edition, originallypublished in 1986. More than half of the contents of this new edition hasbeen specially written for this edition. Since the first edition was pub-lished, it has become one of the most widely referred to books on teach-ing Methods . Since then, however, a great deal has happened in languageteaching. In planning this new edition, we have therefore made a numberof substantial have divided the book into three main parts:Part I deals with major trends in twentieth-century Language chapters in this section are substantially the same as those in the firstedition but include an updated list of II deals with alternative Approaches and Methods .

7 This sectiondescribes Approaches and Methods that have attracted support atdifferent times and in different places throughout the last 30 or so years,but have generally not been widely accepted or, in some cases, have notmaintained substantial followings. The chapters on Total Physical Re-sponse, the Silent Way, Community Language learning , and Sug-gestopedia are shorter versions of chapters from the first edition. Addi-tional and more recent references have been added to these these Methods are no longer widely used, a shorter treatmentseemed appropriate. Readers requiring fuller discussion of these methodsshould consult the first edition. New chapters on Whole Language , Mul-tiple Intelligences, Neurolinguistic Programming, the lexical approach,and Competency-Based Language Teaching complete Part II. Althoughthese latter Approaches share some features with communicative ap-proaches in Part III, we feel that they are sufficiently distinct to begrouped with the other Approaches discussed in Part III deals with current communicative Approaches .

8 It includes twochapters from the first edition Communicative Language Teaching andthe Natural Approach and new chapters on Cooperative LanguageLearning, Content-Based Instruction, Task-Based Language Teaching ,and the post- Methods era. New material has been added to the finalsections of the chapter on Communicative Language Teaching , and addi-tional references have been added to this chapter and to the one on theNatural Approach. Cambridge University University Press978-0-521-80365-6 - Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching , Second EditionJack C. Richards and Theodore S. RodgersFrontmatterMore informationPrefaceviiiThe history of Language Teaching has been characterized by a search formore effective ways of Teaching second or foreign languages. For morethan a hundred years, debate and discussion within the Teaching profes-sion have often centered on issues such as the role of grammar in thelanguage curriculum, the development of accuracy and fluency in teach-ing, the choice of syllabus frameworks in course design, the role of vocab-ulary in Language learning , Teaching productive and receptive skills, learn-ing theories and their application in Teaching , memorization andlearning, motivating learners, effective learning strategies, techniques forteaching the four skills, and the role of materials and technology.

9 Al-though much has been done to clarify these and other important ques-tions in Language Teaching , the Teaching profession is continually explor-ing new options for addressing these and other basic issues and theeffectiveness of different instructional strategies and Methods in Teaching of any subject matter is usually based on an analysis ofthe nature of the subject itself and the application of Teaching and learn-ing principles drawn from research and theory in educational result is generally referred to as a Teaching method or approach, bywhich we refer to a set of core Teaching and learning principles togetherwith a body of classroom practices that are derived from them. The sameis true in Language Teaching , and the field of Teaching Methods has been avery active one in Language Teaching since the 1900s. New approachesand Methods proliferated throughout the twentieth century.

10 Someachieved wide levels of acceptance and popularity at different times butwere then were replaced by Methods based on newer or more appealingideas and theories. Examples of this kind include the Direct Method,Audiolingualism, and the Situational Approach. Some, such as Com-municative Language Teaching , were adopted almost universally andachieved the status of methodological orthodoxy. At the same time, alter-natives to mainstream Approaches have always found some level of sup-port within Language Teaching , though often this has not led to wideracceptance or use. Methods in this category include those from the 1970ssuch as the Silent Way, Counseling- learning , Suggestopedia, and TotalPhysical Response, as well as more recent alternative Methods and ap-proaches such as Multiple Intelligences, Neurolinguistic Programming,and the Lexical and Methods in Language Teaching seeks to provide acomprehensive and comprehensible account of major and minor trendsin Language Teaching Methods from the beginning of the twentieth cen-tury to the present.