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BASIC COMMUNICATION MODEL

The Pfeiffer Library Volume 25, 2nd Edition. Copyright 1998 Jossey-Bass/Pfeifferzx 1zxBASIC COMMUNICATION MODELA ccording to Adler and Towne (1978), all that ever has been accomplished by humansand all that ever will be accomplished involves COMMUNICATION with others. Many socialand organizational problems derive from unsatisfactory relationships brought about byinadequate COMMUNICATION between on and off the job often stems from one s ability to transfer informationand express ideas to others. Effective COMMUNICATION frequently results in friendshipsthat are more meaningful, smoother and more rewarding relationships with people onand off the job, and increased ability to meet personal needs. Psychologist AbrahamMaslow (1970) suggests that the capability to satisfy personal needs arises mainly fromthe ability to PROCESS OF COMMUNICATIONA dler and Towne describe COMMUNICATION as a process between at least two people thatbegins when one person wants to communicate with another.

Any of the three types of relationships can be predominantly personal or predominantly impersonal. At the personal extreme, the ego-involvement of the participants—their attitudes, beliefs, and feelings—are an integral part of the relationship. On the other hand, emotional and personal issues are not considered in the impersonal relationship

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Transcription of BASIC COMMUNICATION MODEL

1 The Pfeiffer Library Volume 25, 2nd Edition. Copyright 1998 Jossey-Bass/Pfeifferzx 1zxBASIC COMMUNICATION MODELA ccording to Adler and Towne (1978), all that ever has been accomplished by humansand all that ever will be accomplished involves COMMUNICATION with others. Many socialand organizational problems derive from unsatisfactory relationships brought about byinadequate COMMUNICATION between on and off the job often stems from one s ability to transfer informationand express ideas to others. Effective COMMUNICATION frequently results in friendshipsthat are more meaningful, smoother and more rewarding relationships with people onand off the job, and increased ability to meet personal needs. Psychologist AbrahamMaslow (1970) suggests that the capability to satisfy personal needs arises mainly fromthe ability to PROCESS OF COMMUNICATIONA dler and Towne describe COMMUNICATION as a process between at least two people thatbegins when one person wants to communicate with another.

2 COMMUNICATION originatesas mental images within a person who desires to convey those images to another. Mentalimages can include ideas, thoughts, pictures, and emotions. The person who wants tocommunicate is called the sender (see figure). To transfer an image to another person,the sender first must transpose or translate the images into symbols that receivers canunderstand. Symbols often are words but can be pictures, sounds, or sense information( , touch or smell). Only through symbols can the mental images of a sender havemeaning for others. The process of translating images into symbols is called COMMUNICATION ModelOnce a message has been encoded, the next level in the COMMUNICATION process isto transmit or communicate the message to a receiver. This can be done in many ways:during face-to-face verbal interaction, over the telephone, through printed materials(letters, newspapers, etc.)

3 , or through visual media (television, photographs). Verbal,written, and visual media are three examples of possible COMMUNICATION channels usedto transmit messages between senders and receivers. Other transmission channelsinclude touch, gestures, clothing, and physical distances between sender and receiver(proxemics).The Pfeiffer Library Volume 25, 2nd Edition. Copyright 1998 Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer2 xzWhen a message is received by another person, a decoding process occurs. Just as asender must encode messages in preparation for transmission through communicationchannels, receivers must sense and interpret the symbols and then decode theinformation back into images, emotions, and thoughts that make sense to them. Whenmessages are decoded exactly as the sender has intended, the images of the sender andthe images of the receiver match, and effective COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION BREAKS DOWNIf everyone were to have the same experiences, all messages would be encoded,transmitted, and decoded alike.

4 Symbols would have the same meanings for everyone,and all COMMUNICATION would be received as the senders intended. However, peoplediffer in their personal histories, ways in which they experience things, and emotionalresponses, leading to differences in the ways in which communications are encoded,transmitted, received, and understood. Different people attach different meanings to thewords, pictures, sounds, and gestures used during with the encoding and decoding of images is not the only factor thataffects the effectiveness of COMMUNICATION between people. Adler and Towne use theconcept of noise to describe physical and psychological forces that can noise refers to conspicuous distractions in the environment that make itdifficult to hear or pay attention. For example, when the environment is excessively hotor excessively cold, or when one is in a noisy nightclub, one may tend to focus moreconcern on the situation than on the message.

5 Physical noise can inhibit communicationat any point in the process in the sender, in the message, in the channel, or in noise alludes to mechanisms within individuals that restrict asender s or receiver s ability to express and/or understand messages clearly. Forexample, senders with limited vocabularies may have difficulty translating images intosymbols that can be understood easily by receivers. Receivers with inflated self-concepts may filter messages that disagree with their self-perceptions and put energyinto defending themselves rather than into understanding the messages. Psychologicalnoise most often results in defensiveness that blocks the flow of communicationbetween sender and the many ways in which communications can be encoded, channeled, anddecoded, there is little wonder why so many difficulties exist when people attempt tocommunicate with one another.

6 Yet COMMUNICATION processes become more COMMUNICATION in terms of sender-receiver implies one-way , human COMMUNICATION often is a two-way process in which each party sharessending and receiving responsibilities. As the quantity of people taking part in acommunication increases, the potential for errors in encoding and decoding increases,along with the potential for physical and psychological Pfeiffer Library Volume 25, 2nd Edition. Copyright 1998 Jossey-Bass/Pfeifferzx 3 REFERENCESA dler, R., & Towne, N. (1978). Looking out/looking in (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and , A. (1970). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row. The COMMUNICATION ModelThe Pfeiffer Library Volume 25, 2nd Edition. Copyright 1998 Jossey-Bass/Pfeifferzx 5zxCONVERGENCE STRATEGIESWalt Boshear and Karl Albrecht developed the convergence-strategies MODEL to dealwith the concept of motion in relationships between people.

7 It leads to deliberatestrategies for establishing, maintaining, and improving , CONVERGING, OR DIVERGING RELATIONSHIPSThe MODEL categorizes all relationships as stable, converging, or diverging. In a stablerelationship, two persons have reached a conscious or unconscious agreement regardingthe ways in which they will relate to each other. They avoid any behavior that willchange the relationship . On the other hand, relationships that are in a state of change canbe either converging or diverging. A converging relationship is changing in ways thatenhance the benefits of the relationship to the participants. A diverging relationship ischanging in ways that tend to destroy the relationship or detract from its benefits to Versus Impersonal RelationshipsAny of the three types of relationships can be predominantly personal or predominantlyimpersonal.

8 At the personal extreme, the ego-involvement of the participants theirattitudes, beliefs, and feelings are an integral part of the relationship . On the otherhand, emotional and personal issues are not considered in the impersonal relationshipand generally will be disruptive to it if they premise of the MODEL is that forces, such as the consequences of growing up andthe mores of Western culture, push individuals in the direction of impersonal, stablerelationships. From birth through adolescence, individuals are cast in roles ofdependency and inadequacy. They are surrounded by people who, by virtue of their ageand experience, are better able to cope with their environment and who have been placedin positions of authority by cultural tradition. In Western culture, individuals are taughtto control their emotions and follow the traditions of society.

9 They are stronglyencouraged to refrain from making any emotional attachments except those that areapproved by society, such as courtship, marriage, and a few close addition to the forces of culture that guide the individual in establishing andmaintaining relationships with people, there are the forces of time and exposure. Thehuman intellectual and emotional system is highly adaptive and it tends toward that initially may provoke a strong intellectual or emotional response will,when sustained or repeated, tend to elicit a lesser figure diagrams the structure of the MODEL and the relationships between itselements. The internal arrows indicate the natural course of relationships under theThe Pfeiffer Library Volume 25, 2nd Edition. Copyright 1998 Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer6 xzinfluence of time, exposure, and cultural forces.

10 A relationship that originates with orpresently has the characteristics described in any of the squares in the diagram tends toprogress in the direction shown by the arrows. However, this progress is contingent onthe absence of deliberate strategies by the participants or disruptive events outside Impact of Cultural Forces on RelationshipsStable relationships tend to remain stable, but will, through time, incline towardrepetitive behaviors and coexistence of the participants. Probably the most typicalexample is the course of many courtships and marriages. Initially a man and womandevelop a highly personal, caring relationship . As they spend more time together, therelationship converges, and the personal stake that each feels in the relationshipincreases. At the point of marriage and during the early honeymoon phase, they are atthe peak of a high-intensity, interdependent phase.


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