สารชีวโมเลก ุล (Biomolecules)

1 1.. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ( biomolecules ). ( biomolecules ) . , , , . (Fats & Oils). - . O. H2C O C R. H2C OH O O. HC OH 3 HO C R HC O C R 3 H2O. O. H2C OH. H2C O C R.. (25 C) .. (Fatty acids). ( . ) 16 18 . 2 . 1. (saturated fatty acids) , , . O O O. CH3(CH2)12C OH CH3(CH2)14C OH CH3(CH2)16C OH.. ( C) 54 63 70. 2. (unsaturated fatty acids) , , , . O O. CH3(CH2)5 (CH2)7C OH CH3(CH2)7 (CH2)7C OH. C C C C. H H H H.. ( C) 32 4.

2 2.. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- O O. CH3(CH2)7 CH2 (CH2)7C OH CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 (CH2)7C OH. C C C C C C C C C C. H H H H H H H H H H.. ( C) -5 -11. (Unsaturation). - , . - . - , .. (sponification) . (RCOO-Na+ ) . O. C. H2C O O R H2C OH. O. C - +. HC O O R 3 NaOH 3 R C O Na HC OH. C. H2C O R H2C OH.. - . ( ) . O O. - + 2+ - +. 2 R C O Na M ( R C O )2M2.. 2+ 2+ 2+. M = Ca , Mg (detergents) . Ca2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ Mg2+ . (LBS : Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate).

3 3.. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- O. - +. C O Na . O. - +. O S O Na O. O. - +. S O Na O.. O. - +. S O Na O. ( ). (Proteins). (amino acids) 22 . 20 . (essential amino acids) 8 .. (--NH2) . (--COOH) . R O. H2N CH C OH.. O. ( ) C NH . (peptide) . - (dipeptides) 2 1 . O O O. 2 H2 NCHCOH H2 NCHC NHCHCOH. R R R. ( 1 ). ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- . 4.. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- - (polypeptides) 50.

4 - (proteins) 50 . O O O O. n H2 NCHCOH HNCHC NHCHC NHCHC. R R R R n 50 n 4. n > 50. 2 . -N -C. R O R O R O R O. H2N CH C N CH C N CH C N CH C OH. H H H. n -N -C.. ( ) . O O O O. HCl H2C C NH CH C OH H2C C OH H2N CH C OH. H2O. NH2 CH3 NH2 CH3. O O. C NH C NH. OH H. O O. H2C C OH H2N CH C OH. NH2 CH3. O. ( ) H , OH . C NH.. (Enzymes). (specific biological functions) . (activation energy (Ea)) .. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- . 5.

5 E = . Ea S = . Ea2. Ea1 Ea3 P = . ES Ea, Ea1, Ea2 Ea3. E+ S EP E+ P = .. (Ea) . ( . ). - . ( ) . (Carbohydrates).. (glucose) C6H12O6 C6(H2O)6 . ( ) . " " 3 . 1. (monosaccharides) CnH2nOn 2.. O. - (aldoses) ( C H ) .. O. - (ketoses) ( C ) .. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- . 6.. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- H O. C CH2OH H O. H C OH C O C. HO C H HO C H H C OH. H C OH H C OH HO C H. H C OH H C OH H C OH. CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH.. ( ) ( ) ( ). 2. (oligosaccharides) 2 - 10.

6 - (disaccharides) 2 . 1 (C12H22O11) .. O HOH2C O. HOH2C O HOH2C C H2OH. HO HO. OH HO O. HO HO HO OH O. OH CH2OH HO. HO. HO CH2OH. H2O ( ). 2 . O O. HOH2C HOH2C HOH2C O. HOH2C O. HO HO HO. HO OH HO OH OH. OH OH HO O. HO OH. OH. H2O . 3. (polysaccharides) .. n Glucose Polysaccharide n C6H12O6 (C6H10O5)n n H2O. : . ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- . 7.. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- : .. + . ( , , ).. + . ( , , ).. I2/KI . ( ) . CuSO4 NaOH ( ) . **.

7 8.. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- .. ( biomolecules ). NaOH . (Fats & oils) (Fatty acids) (Proteins) (Enzymes) (Carbohydrates). : : : - . - . ( ) (amino acids). + . Esterification NaOH .. 1 (3-10 ).. + 3 = - .. : : ( ) - . CuSO4 + NaOH - .. = CuSO4 + Na2CO3 + Sodium Citrate ( ).. 0 6 4 83 7 0. 1 30 18 41 6 4. 2 32 25 38 3 0.. 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- . 9.. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ( ).

8 1 5 5 80 7. 1 10 4 35 46. 1 6 2 20 50. 1 25 15 50 6. * 18 8 2 6 1. (50 %).. 1) . 2) . 3) . 4) .. A B C D. ( C) -5.. 1. A B, C D . 2. B, C D Br2 . 3. A C A C. 4. A C A. (Ent .. 46) .. CH3(CH2)5CH=CH-(CH2)7 COOH.. CH3(CH2)16 COOH.. CH3(CH2)7CH=CH-(CH2)7 COOH.. CH3(CH2)4CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7 COOH. glycerol ( ) . 1. 2. 3. 4.. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- . 10.. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- C12H14O6 C12H14O6Br6 . NaOH 3. C12H14O6 . 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4. NaOH.

9 1. 936 2. 702 3. 468 4. 234.. O.. C O Na - +. O.. S. - O Na +. O. O.. S. - O Na +. O. O.. S. - O Na +. O.. 1.. 2.. 3.. 4. 4 .. ( ), ( ) ( ) . CH3 CH2C6H5. H2 NCH2 COOH H2 NCH COOH H2 NCH COOH. ( ) ( ) ( ). 1. 3 2. 4 4. 5. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- . 11.. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- . 1) HOOC CH CH2. HN CH2. CH2. O COOH. 2) H2N C CH2 CH NH2. 3) H2N CH CH2 CH2 COOH. COOH. 4) H2N CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 NH2. COOH.. O O. 1) H2N C NH C NH2. O. 2) H2 NCH2 C NH CH COOH.

10 CH3. O. 3) H2N CH C NH CH3. CH3. O O. 4) H2N CH C NH CH2 C NH CH COOH. CH3 CH3. A . 3 A . H2N COOH. OH. O H O H O H. 1. H2N N OH 2. N N. N N H2N N. H. H O O H O. COOH. SH HO. H O H O H O H O. N N N N. 3. H2N N OH 4. H2N N OH. O H O O H O COOH. A + B + C. B C5H9NO4 C C3H7NO2. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- . 12.. ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- A CuSO4 NaOH . A A . CH3 O NH2. 1. HOOCCHNH CCH2CH2 CHCOOH , . H2 N O CH3. 2. HOOCCH2CH2 CHC NHCHCOOH , . H2N O COOH.