C#

1 C#. C#. About the Tutorial C# is a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft within its .NET initiative led by Anders Hejlsberg. This tutorial covers basic C# programming and various advanced concepts related to C#. programming language. Audience This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand basics of c# Programming. Prerequisites C# programming is very much based on C and C++ programming languages, so if you have a basic understanding of C or C++ programming, then it will be fun to learn C#. Disclaimer & Copyright Copyright 2014 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt.

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3 Contents About the Tutorial .. i i i Disclaimer & Copyright .. i Contents .. ii 1. 1. Strong Programming Features of C# .. 1. 2. 3. The .Net Framework .. 3. Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for C#.. 4. Writing C# Programs on Linux or Mac 4. 3. PROGRAM 5. Creating Hello World Program .. 5. Compiling and Executing the Program .. 6. C# Keywords .. 10. 4. BASIC 12. The using Keyword .. 13. The class Keyword .. 14. Comments in C#.. 14. Member Variables .. 14. Member 14. Instantiating a Class .. 14. Identifiers .. 15. C# Keywords .. 15. 5. DATA 17. ii C#. Value Type .. 17. Reference Type .. 18. Object Type .. 19. Dynamic Type.

4 19. String 19. Pointer Type .. 20. 6. TYPE CONVERSION .. 21. C# Type Conversion Methods .. 22. 7. 24. Defining 24. Initializing 25. Accepting Values from User .. 26. Lvalue and Rvalue Expressions in C#: .. 26. 8. CONSTANTS AND 28. Integer 28. Floating-point Literals .. 29. Character 29. String 30. Defining 31. 9. 33. Arithmetic 33. Relational 35. Logical 38. Bitwise Operators .. 40. Assignment Operators .. 43. Miscillaneous Operators .. 46. iii C#. Operator Precedence in C# .. 48. 10. DECISION 51. if 52. Statement .. 54. The 56. Nested if Statements .. 58. Switch Statement .. 60. The ? : 65. 11. LOOPS .. 66. While Loop .. 67.

5 For 69. Loop .. 72. Nested Loops .. 75. Loop Control Statements .. 78. Infinite Loop .. 83. 12. ENCAPSULATION .. 84. Public Access Specifier .. 84. Private Access Specifier .. 86. Protected Access Specifier .. 88. Internal Access Specifier .. 88. 13. 91. Defining Methods in C#.. 91. Calling Methods in C# .. 92. Recursive Method Call .. 95. Passing Parameters to a Method .. 96. Passing Parameters by Value .. 97. iv C#. Passing Parameters by Reference .. 99. Passing Parameters by 100. 14. NULLABLES .. 104. The Null Coalescing Operator (??).. 105. 15. 107. Declaring Arrays .. 107. Initializing an 107. Assigning Values to an 108.

6 Accessing Array Elements .. 108. Using the foreach Loop .. 110. C# Arrays .. 111. Multidimensional Arrays .. 112. Two-Dimensional 112. Jagged 115. Passing Arrays as Function 117. Param Arrays .. 118. Array Class .. 119. Properties of the Array 119. Methods of the Array 120. 16. 124. Creating a String Object .. 124. Properties of the String Class .. 126. Methods of the String Class .. 126. 17. STRUCTURES .. 135. Defining a 135. Features of C# 137. v C#. Class versus Structure .. 138. 18. ENUMS .. 141. Declaring enum Variable .. 141. 19. 143. Defining a 143. Member Functions and Encapsulation .. 145. C# Constructors .. 148. C# Destructors.

7 151. Static Members of a C# Class .. 152. 20. 156. Base and Derived 156. Initializing Base Class .. 158. Multiple Inheritance in C#.. 160. 21. 163. Static 163. Dynamic Polymorphism .. 165. 22. OPERATOR OVERLOADING .. 170. Implementing the Operator Overloading .. 170. Overloadable and Non-Overloadable 173. 23. 181. Declaring Interfaces .. 181. 24. NAMESPACES .. 184. Defining a Namespace .. 184. The using 185. Nested 187. vi C#. 25. PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES .. 190. Preprocessor Directives in C#.. 190. The #define Preprocessor .. 191. Conditional 192. 26. REGULAR EXPRESSIONS .. 194. Constructs for Defining Regular Expressions.

8 194. Character 194. Character Classes .. 196. Grouping Constructs .. 198. Quantifier .. 199. Backreference Constructs .. 200. Alternation 201. Substitution .. 202. Miscellaneous Constructs .. 202. The Regex Class .. 203. 27. EXCEPTION HANDLING .. 208. Exception Classes in C# .. 209. Handling Exceptions .. 210. Creating User-Defined 212. Throwing 213. 28. FILE 214. C# I/O Classes .. 214. The FileStream Class .. 215. Advanced File Operations in C# .. 217. Reading from and Writing to Text Files .. 218. The StreamReader Class .. 218. The StreamWriter Class .. 220. vii C#. Reading from and Writing into Binary files .. 222. The BinaryWriter 224.

9 Windows File System .. 228. The DirectoryInfo Class .. 228. The FileInfo Class .. 230. 29. 234. Specifying an Attribute .. 234. Predefined Attributes .. 234. AttributeUsage .. 234. Conditional .. 235. Obsolete .. 237. Creating Custom Attributes .. 238. Constructing the Custom Attribute .. 239. Applying the Custom Attribute .. 241. 30. 243. Applications of Reflection .. 243. Viewing Metadata .. 243. 31. 251. Accessors .. 251. Abstract 255. 32. INDEXERS .. 259. Use of Indexers .. 259. Overloaded 262. 33. 266. Declaring Delegates .. 266. Instantiating Delegates .. 266. viii C#. Multicasting of a Delegate .. 268. Using Delegates.

10 270. 34. 272. Using Delegates with Events .. 272. Declaring Events .. 272. 35. COLLECTIONS .. 279. ArrayList 280. Hashtable 284. SortedList Class .. 288. Stack Class .. 292. Queue Class .. 295. BitArray 297. 36. GENERICS .. 302. Features of Generics .. 304. Generic Methods .. 304. Generic 306. 37. ANONYMOUS METHODS .. 309. Writing an Anonymous 309. 38. UNSAFE 312. Pointers .. 312. Retrieving the Data Value Using a Pointer .. 313. Passing Pointers as Parameters to Methods .. 314. Accessing Array Elements Using a Pointer .. 315. Compiling Unsafe Code .. 316. 39. 318. Thread Life 318. ix C#. Properties and Methods of the Thread Class.