Transcription of Chapter 1
1 ArtificialIntelligenceChapter1 Chapter11 Outline}Whatis AI?}A briefhistory}Thestateof theartChapter12 Whatis AI?Systemsthatthinklike humansSystemsthatthinkrationallySystemst hatactlike humansSystemsthatactrationallyChapter13 Actinghumanly:TheTuringtestTuring(1950)\ Computingmachineryandintelligence":}\Can machinesthink?" !\Canmachinesbehaveintelligently?"}Opera tionaltestfor intelligentbehavior: theImitationGameAI SYSTEMHUMAN? HUMANINTERROGATOR}Predictedthatby 2000,a machinemighthavea 30%chanceoffoolinga lay personfor 5 minutes}Anticipatedall major argumentsagainstAI in following50years}Suggestedmajor componentsof AI:knowledge,reasoning,languageunderstan ding,learningProblem:Turingtestis notreproducible,constructive, oramenabletomathematicalanalysisChapter1 4 Thinkinghumanly:Cognitive Science1960s\cognitiverevolution".
2 Information-processingpsychologyreplaced prevailingorthodoxy ofbehaviorismRequiresscienti ctheoriesof internalactivitiesof thebrain{ Whatlevelof abstraction?\Knowledge" or \circuits"?{ How to validate?Requires1) Predictingandtestingbehavior of humansubjects(top-down)or 2) Directidenti cationfromneurologicaldata(bottom-up)Bot happroaches(roughly,CognitiveScienceandC ognitiveNeuroscience)are now distinctfromAIBothshare withAI thefollowingcharacteristic:theavailablet heoriesdonotexplain(orengender)anythingr esemblinghuman-level generalintelligenceHence,all three eldsshare oneprincipaldirection!}}
3 Chapter15 Thinkingrationally:LawsofThoughtNormativ e(orprescriptive) ratherthandescriptiveAristotle:whatare correctarguments/thoughtprocesses?Severa lGreekschoolsdeveloped variousformsoflogic:notationandrulesof derivationfor thoughts;may or may nothaveproceededto theideaof mechanizationDirectlinethroughmathematic sandphilosophyto modernAIProblems:1) Notall intelligentbehavior is mediatedby logicaldeliberation2)Whatis thepurposeof thinking? WhatthoughtsshouldI haveoutof all thethoughts(logicalor otherwise)thatIcouldhave?Chapter16 ActingrationallyRationalbehavior: doingtherightthingTherightthing:thatwhic his expectedto maximizegoalachievement,giventheavailabl einformationDoesn'tnecessarilyinvolvethi nking| ,blinkingre ex|butthinkingshouldbe in theserviceof rationalactionAristotle(NicomacheanEthic s):Everyartandeveryinquiry, andsimilarlyeveryactionandpursuit,is thought to aimat somegoodChapter17 RationalagentsAnagentis an entity thatperceivesandactsThiscourseis aboutdesigningrationalagentsAbstractly, an agentis a functionfrompercepthistoriesto actions:f:P !
4 AFor anygivenclassof environmentsandtasks,we seektheagent(or classof agents)withthebestperformanceCaveat:comp utationallimitationsmakeperfectrationali ty unachievable!designbestprogramfor givenmachineresourcesChapter18 AIprehistoryPhilosophylogic,methods of reasoningmindas physicalsystemfoundationsof learning,language,rationalityMathematics formalrepresentationandproofalgorithms,c omputation,(un)decidability, (in)tractabilityprobabilityPsychologyada ptationphenomenaof perceptionandmotor controlexperimentaltechniques(psychophys ics,etc.)Economicsformaltheory of rationaldecisionsLinguisticsknowledgerep resentationgrammarNeuroscienceplasticphy sicalsubstratefor mentalactivityControltheoryhomeostaticsy stems,stabilitysimpleoptimalagentdesigns Chapter19 PottedhistoryofAI1943 McCulloch & Pitts:Booleancircuitmodelof brain1950 Turing's\ComputingMachineryandIntelligen ce"1952{69 Look,Ma,nohands!}
5 1950sEarlyAI programs,includingSamuel'scheckersprogra m,Newell & Simon'sLogicTheorist,Gelernter'sGeometry Engine1956 Dartmouthmeeting:\Arti cialIntelligence"adopted1965 Robinson'scompletealgorithmfor logicalreasoning1966{74AI discoverscomputationalcomplexityNeuralne twork researchalmostdisappears1969{79 Earlydevelopmentof knowledge-basedsystems1980{88 Expertsystemsindustrybooms1988{93 Expertsystemsindustrybusts:\AIWinter"198 5{95 Neuralnetworksreturnto popularity1988{Resurgenceof probability; generalincreasein technicaldepth\NouvelleAI":ALife,GAs,sof tcomputing1995{Agents,agents,everywhere: : :2003{ human -levelAI backontheagendaChapter110 StateoftheartWhichof thefollowingcanbe doneat present?}}}}}}}}
6 }Play a decentgameof tabletennisChapter111 StateoftheartWhichof thefollowingcanbe doneat present?}Play a decentgameof tabletennis}Drivesafelyalonga curvingmountainroadChapter112 StateoftheartWhichof thefollowingcanbe doneat present?}Play a decentgameof tabletennis}Drivesafelyalonga curvingmountainroad}DrivesafelyalongTele graphAvenueChapter113 StateoftheartWhichof thefollowingcanbe doneat present?}Play a decentgameof tabletennis}Drivesafelyalonga curvingmountainroad}DrivesafelyalongTele graphAvenue}Buya week'sworthof groceriesonthewebChapter114 StateoftheartWhichof thefollowingcanbe doneat present?
7 }Play a decentgameof tabletennis}Drivesafelyalonga curvingmountainroad}DrivesafelyalongTele graphAvenue}Buya week'sworthof groceriesontheweb}Buya week'sworthof groceriesat BerkeleyBowlChapter115 StateoftheartWhichof thefollowingcanbe doneat present?}Play a decentgameof tabletennis}Drivesafelyalonga curvingmountainroad}DrivesafelyalongTele graphAvenue}Buya week'sworthof groceriesontheweb}Buya week'sworthof groceriesat BerkeleyBowl}Play a decentgameof bridgeChapter116 StateoftheartWhichof thefollowingcanbe doneat present?}Play a decentgameof tabletennis}Drivesafelyalonga curvingmountainroad}DrivesafelyalongTele graphAvenue}Buya week'sworthof groceriesontheweb}Buya week'sworthof groceriesat BerkeleyBowl}Play a decentgameof bridge}Discoverandprovea newmathematicaltheoremChapter117 StateoftheartWhichof thefollowingcanbe doneat present?
8 }Play a decentgameof tabletennis}Drivesafelyalonga curvingmountainroad}DrivesafelyalongTele graphAvenue}Buya week'sworthof groceriesontheweb}Buya week'sworthof groceriesat BerkeleyBowl}Play a decentgameof bridge}Discoverandprovea newmathematicaltheorem}Designandexecutea researchprogramin molecular biologyChapter118 StateoftheartWhichof thefollowingcanbe doneat present?}Play a decentgameof tabletennis}Drivesafelyalonga curvingmountainroad}DrivesafelyalongTele graphAvenue}Buya week'sworthof groceriesontheweb}Buya week'sworthof groceriesat BerkeleyBowl}Play a decentgameof bridge}Discoverandprovea newmathematicaltheorem}Designandexecutea researchprogramin molecular biology}Writean intentionallyfunnystoryChapter119 StateoftheartWhichof thefollowingcanbe doneat present?
9 }Play a decentgameof tabletennis}Drivesafelyalonga curvingmountainroad}DrivesafelyalongTele graphAvenue}Buya week'sworthof groceriesontheweb}Buya week'sworthof groceriesat BerkeleyBowl}Play a decentgameof bridge}Discoverandprovea newmathematicaltheorem}Designandexecutea researchprogramin molecular biology}Writean intentionallyfunnystory}Givecompetentleg aladvicein a specializedareaof lawChapter120 StateoftheartWhichof thefollowingcanbe doneat present?}Play a decentgameof tabletennis}Drivesafelyalonga curvingmountainroad}DrivesafelyalongTele graphAvenue}Buya week'sworthof groceriesontheweb}Buya week'sworthof groceriesat BerkeleyBowl}Play a decentgameof bridge}Discoverandprovea newmathematicaltheorem}Designandexecutea researchprogramin molecular biology}Writean intentionallyfunnystory}Givecompetentleg aladvicein a specializedareaof law}Translatespoken Englishintospoken Swedishin realtimeChapter121 StateoftheartWhichof thefollowingcanbe doneat present?
10 }Play a decentgameof tabletennis}Drivesafelyalonga curvingmountainroad}DrivesafelyalongTele graphAvenue}Buya week'sworthof groceriesontheweb}Buya week'sworthof groceriesat BerkeleyBowl}Play a decentgameof bridge}Discoverandprovea newmathematicaltheorem}Designandexecutea researchprogramin molecular biology}Writean intentionallyfunnystory}Givecompetentleg aladvicein a specializedareaof law}Translatespoken Englishintospoken Swedishin realtime}Conversesuccessfullywithanother personfor an hourChapter122 StateoftheartWhichof thefollowingcanbe doneat present?
