CHAPTER 34 APA APA Documentation with Case Study

1 430 APA34bAPA Documentation with case STUDYCHAPTER 34 APA Documentation with case Study34aWhat is APA style?The american psychological association (APA) sponsors the APA style, aDOCUMENTATION system widely used in the social sciences. APA styleinvolves two equally important features that need to appear in researchpapers: in-text citations and are APA parenthetical in-text citations?The APA-STYLE Documentation guidelines here follow the recommenda-tions of the Publication Manual of the american psychological association ,Fifth Edition (2001), which is the most current print edition. The URL forAPA s general Web site is < >; it answers some basic stylequestions and mostly refers you to the Publication , APAhas set up a special free Web site devoted exclusively to electronic sources(APA term for online sources, CD-ROMs, etc.)

2 APA provides this becauseelectronic sources are still evolving rapidly and therefore tend to with Internet access can use the site at < >. It offers links to selected specific examples of citationsof electronic sources, some of which aren t covered in the APA PublicationManual;unusually direct, practical FAQs; and other useful style requires parenthetical IN-TEXT CITATIONS that identify aSOURCEby the author s name (if no author, use a shortened version of thetitle) and the copyright year. For readability and a good writing style, you canoften incorporate the name, and sometimes the year, into your , place this information in parentheses, located as close as possibleto the material you QUOTE, PARAPHRASE, or SUMMARIZE.

3 Your goal is to tellreaders precisely where they can find the original Publication Manual of the american psychological association ,Fifth Edition (2001), recommends that if you refer to a work more than oncein a paragraph, you give the author s name and the date at the first mentionand then give only the name after that. An exception is when you re citingtwo or more works by the same author, or when two or more of your sourceshave the same name. In such cases, each separate citation must include thedate to identify which work you re style requires page numbers for direct quotations and recommendsthem for paraphrases and summaries. However, some instructors expect 1/27/06 7:41 PM Page 430431 APAWhat are APA guidelines for in-text citations?

4 34cto give page references for paraphrases and summaries, so find out yourinstructor s preference to avoid any problems in properly crediting page numbers in parentheses, using the abbreviation a sin-gle page number and the material you re citing falls on more thanone page. For a direct quotation from an electronic source that numbersparagraphs, give the paragraph number (or numbers). Handle paragraphnumbers as you do page numbers, but use (the symbol for para-graph) rather than no paragraph numbers appear in the source,look for other ways to identify the location, such as sections introduced bymain are APA guidelines for in-text citations?

5 The examples show how to cite various kinds of sources in the body of yourresearch paper. Remember, though, that you often can introduce sourcenames, including titles when necessary, and sometimes even years, in yourown sentences rather than in the parenthetical IN-TEXT APA In-Text Citations1. Paraphrased or Summarized Source APA2. Source of a Short Quotation APA3. Source of a Long Quotation (and Format of Quotation) APA4. One Author APA5. Two Authors APA6. Three, Four, or Five Authors APA7. Six or More Authors APA8. Author(s) with Two or More Works in the Same Year APA9. Two or More Authors with the Same Last Name APA10. Work with a Group or Corporate Author APA11.

6 Work Listed by Title APA12. Reference to More Than One Source APA13. Personal Communication, Including E-Mail and Other NonretrievableSources APA14. Reference to an Entire Online Source APA15. Other References to Retrievable Online Sources APA16. Source Lines for Graphics and Table Data APA1. Paraphrased or Summarized Source APAP eople from the Mediterranean prefer an elbow-to-shoulder distance fromeach other (Morris, 1977). [Author name and date cited in parentheses.] 1/27/06 6:44 PM Page 431432 APA34cAPA Documentation with case STUDYD esmond Morris (1977) notes that people from the Mediterraneanprefer an elbow-to-shoulder distance from each other.

7 [Author namecited in text; date cited in parentheses.]2. Source of a Short Quotation APAA report of reductions in SAD-related depression in 87 percent of pa-tients (Binkley, 1990, p. 203) reverses the findings of earlier studies.[Author name, date, and page reference in parentheses immediately follow-ing the quotation.]Binkley (1990) reports reductions in SAD-related depression in 87 percent of patients (p. 203). [Author name followed by the date inparentheses incorporated into the words introducing the quotation; pagenumber in parentheses immediately following the quotation.]3. Source of a Long Quotation (and Format of Quotation) APAI ncorporate a direct quotation of fewer than forty words in your own sen-tence and enclose it in quotation marks.

8 Place the parenthetical in-text cita-tion after the closing quotation mark and, if the quotation falls at the end ofthe sentence, before the sentence-ending punctuation. When you use a quo-tation longer than forty words, set it off in block style indented one-half inchor five to seven spaces from the left margin. Never enclose a set-off quota-tion in quotation marks because the placement in block style carries the mes-sage that the material is quoted. Place the parenthetical reference citationone space after the end punctuation of the last Quotation (Forty or More Words)Jet lag, with its characteristic fatigue and irregular sleep patterns, is acommon problem among those who travel great distances by jet airplaneto different time zones:Jet lag syndrome is the inability of the internal body rhythm torapidly resynchronize after sudden shifts in the timing.

9 For avariety of reasons, the system attempts to maintain stability andresist temporal change. Consequently, complete adjustment canoften be delayed for several days sometimes for a week afterarrival at one s destination. (Bonner, 1991, p. 72)4. One Author APAOne of his questions is, What binds together a Mormon banker inUtah with his brother or other coreligionists in Illinois orMassachusetts? (Coles, 1993, p. 2).In a parenthetical reference in APA style, a comma and a space separate aname from a year and a year from a page reference. (Examples 1 through 3show citations of works by one author.) 1/27/06 6:44 PM Page 432433 APAWhat are APA guidelines for in-text citations?

10 34c5. Two Authors APAIf a work has two authors, give both names in each report describes 2,123 occurrences (Krait & Cooper, 1994).The results that Krait and Cooper (1994) report would not support theconclusions Davis and Sherman (1992) draw in their review of you write a parenthetical in-text citation naming two (or more)authors, use an ampersand (&) between the final two names, but write outthe word andfor any reference in your own Three, Four, or Five Authors APAFor three, four, or five authors, use all the authors last names in the first ref-erence. In all subsequent references, use only the first author s last name fol-lowed by et al.(meaning and others ).