CIVIL FORMULAS - Engineering Surveyors

1 CIVILENGINEERINGFORMULAS ABOUT THE AUTHORT yler G. Hicks, , is a consulting engineer and a successful engi-neering book author. He has worked in plant design and operationin a variety of industries, taught at several Engineering schools, andlectured both in the United States and abroad. Mr. Hicks holds abachelor s degree in Mechanical Engineering from Cooper UnionSchool of Engineering in New York. He is the author of more than100 books in Engineering and related G. Hicks,P. E .International Engineering AssociatesMember: American Society of Mechanical EngineersUnited States Naval InstituteSecond EditionNew York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London MadridMexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan SeoulSingapore Sydney TorontoCopyright 2010, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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6 McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstancesshall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequen-tial or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them hasbeen advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim orcause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or to Use This BookxvChapter 1. Conversion Factors for CIVIL Engineering Practice1 Chapter 2. Beam Formulas11 Continuous Beams /11 Ultimate Strength of Continuous Beams /46 Beams of Uniform Strength /52 Safe Loads for Beams of Various Types /53 Rolling and Moving Loads /53 Curved Beams /65 Elastic Lateral Buckling of Beams /69 Combined Axial and Bending Loads /72 Unsymmetrical Bending /73 Eccentric Loading /73 Natural Circular Frequencies and Natural Periods of Vibration of Prismatic Beams /74 Torsion in Structural Members /76 Strain Energy in Structural Members /76 Fixed-End Moments in Beams /79 Chapter 3.

7 Column FORMULAS 81 General Considerations /81 Short Columns /81 Eccentric Loads on Columns /83 Columns of Special Materials /88 Column Base Plate Design / 90 American Institute of Steel Construction Allowable-Stress Design Approach /91 Composite Columns /92 Elastic Flexural Buckling of Columns /94 Allowable Design Loads for Aluminum Columns /96 Ultimate Strength Design Concrete Columns /97 Design of Axially Loaded Steel Columns /102vChapter 4. Piles and Piling Formulas105 Allowable Loads on Piles /105 Laterally Loaded Vertical Piles /105 Toe Capacity Load /107 Groups of Piles /107 Foundation-Stability Analysis /109 Axial-Load Capacity of Single Piles /112 Shaft Settlement /112 Shaft Resistance in Cohesionless Soils /113 Chapter 5.

8 Concrete formulas115 Reinforced Concrete /115 Water/Cementitious Materials Ratio /115 Job Mix Concrete Volume /116 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete /116 Tensile Strength of Concrete /117 Reinforcing Steel /117 Continuous Beams and One-Way Slabs /117 Design Methods for Beams, Columns, and Other Members /118 Properties in the Hardened State /127 Tension Development Lengths /128 Compression Development Lengths /128 Crack Control of Flexural Members /128 Required Strength /129 Deflection Computations and Criteria for Concrete Beams /130 Ultimate-Strength Design of Rectangular Beams with Tension Reinforcement Only /130 Working-Stress Design of Rectangular Beams with Tension Reinforcement Only /133 Ultimate-Strength Design of Rectangular Beams with Compression Bars /135 Working-Stress Design of Rectangular Beams with Compression Bars /136 Ultimate-Strength Design of I- and T-beams /138 Working-Stress Design of I- and T-beams /138 Ultimate-Strength

9 Design for Torsion /140 Working-Stress Design for Torsion /141 Flat-Slab Construction /142 Flat-Plate Construction /142 Shear in Slabs /145 Column Moments /146 Spirals /147 Braced and Unbraced Frames /147 Shear Walls /148 Concrete Gravity Retaining Walls /150 Cantilever Retaining Walls /153 Wall Footings /155viCONTENTSC hapter 6. Timber Engineering Formulas157 Grading of Lumber /157 Size of Lumber /157 Bearing /159 Beams /159 Columns /160 Combined Bending and Axial Load /161 Compression at Angle to Grain /161 Recommendations of the Forest Products Laboratory /162 Compression on Oblique Plane /163 Adjustment Factors for Design Values /164 Fasteners for Wood /169 Adjustment of Design Values for Connections with Fasteners /171 Roof Slope to Prevent Ponding /172 Bending and Axial Tension /173 Bending and Axial Compression /173 Solid Rectangular or Square Columns with Flat Ends /174 Chapter 7.

10 Surveying Formulas177 Units of Measurement /177 Theory of Errors /178 Measurement of Distance with Tapes /179 Vertical Control /182 Stadia Surveying /183 Photogrammetry /184 Chapter 8. Soil and Earthwork Formulas185 Physical Properties of Soils /185 Index Parameters for Soils /186 Relationship of Weights and Volumes in Soils /186 Internal Friction and Cohesion /188 Vertical Pressures in Soils /188 Lateral Pressures in Soils, Forces on Retaining Walls /189 Lateral Pressure of Cohesionless Soils /190 Lateral Pressure of Cohesive Soils /191 Water Pressure /191 Lateral Pressure from Surcharge /191 Stability of Slopes /192 Bearing Capacity of Soils /192 Settlement under Foundations /193 Soil Compaction Tests /193 Compaction Equipment /195 FORMULAS for Earthmoving /196 Scraper Production /197 Vibration Control in Blasting /198 CONTENTSviiChapter 9.