Construction Planning, Equipment, CHAPTER EXCAVATORS

1 Construction planning , equipment , and Methods Sixth Edition CHAPTER . EXCAVATORS . A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 8 By Dr. Ibrahim Assakkaf ENCE 420 Construction equipment and Methods Spring 2003. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Maryland, College Park CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 1. ENCE 420 Assakkaf INTRODUCTION. Hydraulic power is the key to the utility of many EXCAVATORS . 1. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 2. ENCE 420 Assakkaf INTRODUCTION. Hydraulic front shovels are used predominantly for hard digging above track level and for loading haul units.

2 Hydraulic hoe EXCAVATORS are used primarily to excavate below natural surface of the ground on which the machine rests. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 3. ENCE 420 Assakkaf INTRODUCTION. The loader is a versatile piece of equipment designed to excavate at or above wheel/track level. Unlike a shovel or hoe, to position the bucket to dump, a loader must maneuver and travel with the load. They come in various models. 2. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 4. ENCE 420 Assakkaf HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS . HOE. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 5.

3 WHEEL & TRACK. ENCE 420 Assakkaf LOADERS. 3. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 6. ENCE 420 Assakkaf INTRODUCTION. The hydraulic control of machine components provides 9 Faster cycle times. 9 Outstanding control of attachments. 9 High overall efficiency. 9 Smoothness and ease of operation. 9 Positive control that offers greater accuracy and precision. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 7. ENCE 420 Assakkaf INTRODUCTION. Machines which make use of hydraulic pressure to develop bucket penetration into materials are classified by the digging motion of the bucket.

4 The hydraulically controlled boom and stick, to which the bucket is attached, may be mounted on either a crawler or a wheel tractor base. A downward arc excavator is classified as a "hoe.". It develops excavation breakout force by pulling the bucket toward the machine and curling the bucket inward. 4. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 8. ENCE 420 Assakkaf INTRODUCTION. An upward motion unit is known as a "front shovel." A shovel develops breakout force by crowding material away from the machine. The downward swing of a hoe dictates usage for excavating below the running gear.

5 The boom of a shovel swings upward to load;. therefore, the machine requires a material face above the running gear to work against. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 9. ENCE 420 Assakkaf excavator PRODUCTION. Steps for Estimating Production: 1. Obtain the heaped bucket load volume (in lcy) from the manufacturers' data sheet. 2. Apply a bucket fill factor based on the type of machine and the class material being excavated. 5. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 10. ENCE 420 Assakkaf excavator PRODUCTION. Steps for Estimating Production (cont'd): 3.

6 Estimate a peak cycle time. This a function of machine type and job conditions to angle of swing, depth of height of cut, and in the the case of loaders, travel distance. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 11. ENCE 420 Assakkaf excavator PRODUCTION. Steps for Estimating Production (cont'd): 4. Apply an efficiency factor. 5. Conform the production units to the desired volume or weight (lcy to bcy or tons). 6. Calculate the production rate. 6. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 12. ENCE 420 Assakkaf excavator PRODUCTION. Production Formula: 3,600 sec Q F (AS : D ) E 1.

7 Production = . t 60 min hr Vol. Correction . (1). Q = heaped bucket capacity (lcy). F = bucket fill factor AS:D = angle of swing and depth (height) of cut correction t = cycle time in seconds E = efficiency (min per hour). CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 13. ENCE 420 Assakkaf excavator PRODUCTION. Production formula (cont'd). 1. Volume correction for loose volume to bank volume, 1 + swell factor loose unit weight, lb For loose volume to tons, 2,000 lb/ton 7. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 14. ENCE 420 Assakkaf FRONT SHOVELS. Front shovels are used predominately for hard digging above track level, and loading haul units.

8 The loading of shot rock would be a typical application. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 15. ENCE 420 Assakkaf FRONT SHOVELS. Boom Stick Bucket 8. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 16. ENCE 420 Assakkaf FRONT SHOVELS. A shovel is capable of developing a high breakout force. The material being excavated should be such that it will stand with a fairly vertical face. Crawler-mounted shovels have very slow travel speeds, less than 3. mph. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 17. ENCE 420 Assakkaf SIZE OF A FRONT SHOVEL. The size of a dragline is indicated by the size of the bucket, expressed in cubic yards (cu yd).

9 Struck Capacity: Volume actually enclosed by the bucket for no allowance for bucket teeth. 9. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 18. ENCE 420 Assakkaf BUCKET SIZE. EXCAVATORS . can usually be equipped with several different size and type buckets. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 19. ENCE 420 Assakkaf SIZE OF A FRONT SHOVEL. Heaped Capacity: 1:1 angle of repose for evaluating heaped capacity. A 2:1 angles of repose is used by the Committee on European Construction equipment (CECE). 10. CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 20. ENCE 420 Assakkaf SIZE OF A FRONT SHOVEL.

10 Fill Factor: Rated heaped capacities represent a net section bucket volume;. therefore, they must be corrected to average bucket load based on the material being handled. Fill factors are percentages which, when multiplied by rated heaped capacity, adjust the volume by accounting for how the specific material will load into the bucket (see the following table, Table 5, or Table of Textbook). CHAPTER 8. EXCAVATORS Slide No. 21. ENCE 420 Assakkaf SIZE OF A FRONT SHOVEL. Table 1. Fill Factors for Front Shovel Buckets (Caterpillar Inc.)