CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES, EQUIPMENT AND PRACTICES

1 A course Material onByDEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERINGSASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGVIJAYAMANGALAM 638 056 Assistant ProfessorMr. P. JAGATEESHCONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES, EQUIPMENT AND PRACTICESQUALITY CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that the e- course materialbeing prepared by me and it meets the knowledge requirement of the university of the AuthorSignature of KumarSEALD esignation: Assistant ProfessorClass:IV Year is to certify that the course material being prepared by Mr. is of adequatequality. He has referred more than five books amount them minimum one is from aborad Code:CE2404 Scubject: CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES, EQUIPMENTS AND I CONCRETE of admixtures for of mix design of of of of on on concrete15 UNIT II CONSTRUCTION of activities and CONSTRUCTION coordination and setting out of proof and Shuttering41CE6506 CONSTRUCTION Techniques EQUIPMENT PracticesSCE Dept of production44 UNIT III SUB STRUCTURE of structures under IV SUPER STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTIONUNIT IV SUPER STRUCTURE light weight components in tall structures54 UNIT V CONSTRUCTION to CONSTRUCTION of for concrete equipments61CE6506

2 CONSTRUCTION Techniques EQUIPMENT PracticesSCE Dept of CivilCE6501 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES, EQUIPMENT AND PRACTICESOBJECTIVET hemain objectiveof this courseisto makethe student awareof thevarious constructiontechniques, PRACTICES andtheequipment needed for differenttypes ofthis coursethe student shall haveareasonable knowledgeaboutthevariousconstruction proceduresforsub to super structureandalsotheequipmentneeded forconstruction ofvarioustypesof structures fromfoundation to super CONCRETETECHNOLOGYC ements Gradeofcements-manufactureofcement concretechemicals andApplications Mixdesignconcept mixdesignas perBIS&ACImethods manufacturingofconcrete Batching mixing transporting placing compaction ofconcrete hardenedconcrete qualityofconcrete-Non CONSTRUCTIONPRACTICESS pecifications.

3 Details and sequenceof activitiesandconstructionco-ordination Site Clearance Marking Earthwork-masonry stonemasonry Bond inmasonry-concrete hollow blockmasonry flooring damp proofcourses CONSTRUCTION joints movement andexpansion joints precastpavements Buildingfoundations basements temporaryshed centeringandshuttering slip forms scaffoldings de-shutteringforms Fabricationanderection ofsteeltrusses frames braceddomes layingbrick weatherand water proof rooffinishes acousticand CONSTRUCTIONT echniques ofBoxjacking PipeJacking-underwaterconstruction ofdiaphragm walls andbasement-Tunnelingtechniques Pilingtechniques-wellandcaisson-sinkingc offerdam cableanchoringandgrouting-drivingdiaphra gmwalls, sheet piles-shoringfor deepcutting wellpoints-Dewateringand standbyPlantequipment forunderground SUPER STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTIONL aunchinggirders,bridgedecks, off shoreplatforms special formsforshells-techniquesforheavydecks in-situ pre-stressingin high risestructures, Material handling-erectinglightweightcomponents on tallstructures-Support structureforheavyEquipment andconveyors Erection ofarticulated structures, braced EQUIPMENTS election ofequipmentforearthwork-earth movingoperations-types ofearthworkequipment-tractors, motorgraders,scrapers,frontendwaders, earth movers Equipmentforfoundationand piledriving.

4 EQUIPMENT forcompaction, batchingand mixingandconcreting-Equipmentformaterial handlinganderection ofstructures- EQUIPMENT fordredging, trenching, tunneling, , ,Ledbetter, ,C.,"ConstructionPlanning,Equipmentand Methods", 5th Edition, McGrawHill,Singapore, CONSTRUCTION Techniques EQUIPMENT PracticesSCE Dept of Civil2. ,BuildingConstruction,PlanningTechniques andMethodofConstruction, DhanpatRai and Sons, Varghese, ,PrenticeHallofIndia ,NewDelhi, , , ConcreteTechnology, TheoryandPractice,S. Chandand CompanyLtd,NewDelhi, , ConstructionandFoundation Engineering, KhannaPublishers, ConstructionEquipmentandManagement ,KhannaPublishersNewDelhi, Deodhar, ConstructionEquipmentandJobPlanning ,KhannaPublishers,NewDelhi, Dr.

5 MaheshVarma, CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT and itsPlanningand Application ,MetropolitanBook Company,NewDelhi-, Gambhir, , ConcreteTechnology, TataMcGraw HillPublishingCompanyLtd,NewDelhi, 2004CE6506 CONSTRUCTION Techniques EQUIPMENT PracticesSCE Dept of CivilUNITICONCRETE OrdinaryPortlandcement OPC33,OPC43and OPC53grade Rapid hardeningcement Extrarapid hardeningcement Sulphateresistingcement Portland slagcement Quick settingcement Lowheatcement Portland pazzolonacement Airentrainingcement Coloredcement Whitecement Hydrophobiccement Masonrycement expansivecement Oil wellcement Redi set cemnt Concrete sleepergradecement Highaluminacement Veryhigh strengthcementCE6506 CONSTRUCTION Techniques EQUIPMENT PracticesSCE Dept of admixture/Plasticizers:Theseadmixtures areused forfollowingpurposes:1.

6 Toachieveahigher strengthbydecreasingthewatercement ratioatthesameworkabilityas Toachievethesameworkabilitybydecreasingt hecementcontent soas toreducethe heat ofhydration inmass To increasetheworkabilityso as toeaseplacinginaccessible morethan 5%butlessthan 12% :Surfaceactiveagents alter thephysicchemical forces at theinterface. Theyareadsorbed onthecement particles,givingthem a negativechargewhich leads to repulsion between theparticles. Electrostaticforcesaredevelopedcausingdi sintegrationand thefreewater becomeavailablefor :As theseagentsareorganicbynature, thus theylubricate themixreducing thefrictionand :A thinlayer is formed over thecement particlesprotectingthemfromhydrationandi ncreasing the settingtime. Most normal plasticizersgive someretardation, 30 90 minutesSuperPlasticizers: Thesearemorerecent and moreeffectivetypeofwaterreducingadmixtur es alsoknownas highrangewaterreducerThecommonlyusedSupe r Plasticizersareas follows:Sulphonatedmelamineformaldehydec ondensates(SMF)Give16 25%+ littleor noretardation, whichmakes them veryeffectiveatlow temperatures orwhereearlystrengthis most ,at higher temperatures, andarecolorless,givingno stainingin (SNF)CE6506 CONSTRUCTION Techniques EQUIPMENT PracticesSCE Dept of CivilTypicallygive 16 25%+waterreduction.

7 Theytend toincreasetheentrapment oflarger, unstableair bubbles. This can improvecohesion butmaylead is morethanwithSMFbut will stillnot normallyexceed 90 minutes. SNFis (PCE)Typicallygive 20 35%+waterreduction. Theyarerelativelyexpensive per liter butarevery powerful so alower dose(ormoredilute solution) is areusuallyhigher than with conventional waterreducers,andthe possible undesirable sideeffects arereduced because theydo notmarkedlylower thesurface tension of :Anadmixturewhich, whenadded to concrete, mortar, orgrout, increases therateofhydrationofhydrauliccement, shortens thetime ofset inconcrete, orincreases can bedivided intogroups based on AcceleratingAdmixtures,Reducethe timeforthemix to changefrom theplastic to acceleratorshaverelativelylimited use, mainlyto Accelerators,Whichincreasethe strength at 24 hoursbyatleast 120%at 20 Candat 5 Cbyatleast 130%at48 hours.

8 Hardeningacceleratorsfind usewhereearlystrippingof shutteringorveryearlyaccess to pavements is used incombination witha high rangewaterreducer, :Thefunction ofretarderis to delayorextend thesettingtime ofcement paste has to betransportedtolongdistance,and helpfulinplacingtheconcreteat high wateris first added to cement thereisarapidinitialhydration reaction,afterwhich thereis littleformation offurtherhydratesfortypically2 3 thecementtypeand called theCE6506 CONSTRUCTION Techniques EQUIPMENT PracticesSCE Dept of Civildormant periodwhen theconcrete is plasticandcan theend ofthe dormant period,thehydration rateincreases andalotof calcium silicatehydrateandcalciumhydroxide is formedrelativelyquickly.

9 This corresponds to the settingtime delaytheend ofthe dormant period and thestart ofsettingandhardening. Thisis useful when usedwith plasticizers togiveworkabilityretention. Used ontheirown, retardersallow later vibration oftheconcrete topreventtheformation ofcoldjoints between layers ofconcrete placedwith a significant delaybetween retards is based onabsorption. Thelargeadmixtureanionsandmoleculesareab sorbed on the surfaceof cement particles,which hindersfurtherreactionsbetweencementand :Anaddition forhydrauliccement oranadmixtureforconcreteor mortarwhichcausesair,usuallyin smallquantity,to beincorporated intheform of minute bubbles intheconcreteor mortar duringmixing, aresurfactantsthatchangethe , theywerebased onfattyacid salts or vinsolresin butthesehavelargelybeen replacedbysynthetic surfactants or blendsof surfactants togiveimprovedstabilityand voidcharacteristics to usedto produceanumberofeffects in boththeplasticand thehardenedconcrete.

10 Theseinclude: Resistanceto freeze thawaction inthehardenedconcrete. Increasedcohesion, reducingthetendencyto bleedand segregation intheplasticconcrete. Compaction oflow workabilitymixesincludingsemi-dryconcret e. Calcareous ArgillaceousCalcareous materials usedare Cementrock Limestone Marl ChalkCE6506 CONSTRUCTION Techniques EQUIPMENT PracticesSCE Dept of Civil Marine shellArgillaceous materials usedare Clay shale slate blast furnaceslagProcessmanufacturingcement Dryprocess Wet finepowder separatelyandaremixed togetherWateris added tomakeathick pastewhichcontains 14% aredriedandoffcharged into obtainedoftencalcinations in incipient fusionand sinteringat a tempabout 1400 cto1500 iscooled topreservethe meta stablecompoundsand theresolid solutions Dispersion