Estimation, Costing and Valuation

1 1A course Material onEstimation, Costing and ValuationByDr. N Seshadri sekhar Associate ProfessorDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Scsvmv, KanchipuramThis is to certify that the e- course material Subject Code: Subject: Estimation, Costing and ValuationClass: IV Year CIVIL, CIVIL&STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING being prepared by me and it meets the knowledge requirement of the university of the Author1 ESTIMATION AND QUANTITY SURVEYING L T P C3 1 0 4 OBJECTIVEThis subject covers the various aspects of estimating of quantities of items of works involved in buildings, water supply and sanitary works, road works and irrigation works. This also covers the rate analysis, Valuation of properties and preparation of reports for estimation of various items. At the end of this course the student shall be able to estimate the material quantities, prepare a bill of quantities, make specifications and prepare tender documents.

2 Student should also be able to prepare value estimates. UNIT IESTIMATE OF BUILDINGS 11 HrsIntroduction to estimation- Necessity of Estimation- Units and Measurents-Types of Estimates- Methods of Estimation-Load bearing and framed structures Calculation of quantities of brick work, RCC, PCC, Plastering, white washing, colour washing and painting / varnishing for shops, rooms, residential building with flat and pitched roof Various types of arches Calculation of brick work and RCC works in arches Estimate of joineries for panelled and glazed doors, windows, ventilators, handrails Estimation of Steel for RCC works. UNIT IIESTIMATE OF OTHER STRUCTURES 10 HrsEstimating of septic tank, soak pit sanitary and water supply installations water supply pipe line sewer line tube well open well Estimate of bituminous and cement concrete roads estimate of retaining walls culverts estimating of irrigation works aqueduct, syphon, fall.

3 UNIT IIISPECIFICATION AND TENDERS 8 HrsData Schedule of rates Analysis of rates Specifications sources Detailed and general specifications for buidings, Roads Tenders Contracts Types of contracts, BOT Arbitration and legal requirements. UNIT IVVALUATION 8 HrsNecessity Basics of value engineering Capitalised value Depreciation Escalation Calculation of Standard rent Mortgage Lease- Valuation of Building- Loss assessment UNIT VREPORT PREPARATION 8 HrsPrinciples for report preparation report on estimate of Official building Culvert Roads Water supply and sanitary installations Tube wells Open wells. TEXT BOOKSTOTAL: 45 PERIODS Dutta, , Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering , UBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2003 Kohli, and Kohli, , A Text Book of Estimating and Costing (Civil) , & Company Ltd., 2004 REFERENCESPWD Data BookCPWD Schedule of ratesTN schedule of rates1 Table of OF BUILDINGSPage Units Of Rules For Requirements Of Estimation And Procedure Of Estimating Or Method Of Data Required To Prepare An Work Charged Methods Of Taking Out Long Wall-Short Wall Centre Line Partly Centre Line And Partly Cross Wall Detailed Estimate6 Factors To Be Considered While Preparing Detailed Fixing Of Rate Per Unit Of An Methods Of Preparation Of Approximate Plinth Area Cubical Contents Method82 ESTIMATE OF OTHER Estimating of septic tank with soak Estimate of bituminous and cement concrete Estimate of retaining Estimate of Estimating of irrigation Estimate of aqueduct, syphon, fall213 SPECIFICATION AND General Or Brief Detailed Specifications23 Detailed Specifications Of Excavations.

4 Filling And Back Fillingantitermite Hard Core / Soling Under Floors / Reinforced Concrete And Allied Works351 Form Work42 Steel Reinforcement43 Structural Steel46 Damp proof Course48 Brick Work49 Schedule Of Rates51 Procedure Of Rate Analysis51 Requirement Of Labour And Materials52 VALUATION54 Objects Of Valuation54 Six Important Purposes Of Valuation54 Definitions55 Market Value55 Book Value55 Capital Cost55 Sinking Fund Method56 Direct Comparison With The Capital Value56 Depreciation Method Of Valuation57 Methods For Calculating Depreciation57 Fixation Of Rent58 Calculation Of Standard Rend Of A Govt. Property58 REPORT PREPARATION60 Report On Estimates for the Construction of Residential Building60 Report on Estimate for Construction of a Culvert61 Report on the Estimate for a Road Construction62 Principle for the preparation of Water supply Scheme63 The project or scheme of major work consist of the following64worksEstimationCosting&1 UNIT I ESTIMATE OF BUILDINGSI ntroduction to estimation- Necessity of Estimation- Units and Measurents-Types of Estimates- Methods of Estimation-Load bearing and framed structures Calculation of quantities of brick work, RCC, PCC, Plastering, white washing, colour washing and painting / varnishing for shops, rooms, residential building with flat and pitched roof Various types of arches Calculation of brick work and RCC works in arches Estimate of joineries for panelled and glazed doors, windows, ventilators, handrails Estimation of Steel for RCC works.

5 GeneralEstimating is the technique of calculating or computing the variousquantities and the expected Expenditure to be incurred on a particular work orproject. In case the funds available are less than the estimated cost the work isdone in part or by reducing it or specifications are altered, the following requirementare necessary for preparing an like plan, elevation and sections of important specifications about workmanship& properties of materials schedule of rates of the current OF MEASUREMENTSThe units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size and for making payments to the contractor and also. The principle of units of measurements normally consists the following:Single units work like sanitary fittings,Electrical points, electrical appliences, etc., is expressed in consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand rail, pipe length with details,bands of specified width and skirting etc.

6 , are expressed in running meters (RM)Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white washing, partitions of specified thickness, glass of specified thickness, flooring upto the thickness of 40mm, Tiles flooring, wall tile finishing,painting of doors and windows, Sheet roofing, Weathering tiles,Doors and windows shutter with required specifications, Half brick work, Honey comb Brick work, Brick on edge work etc., are expressed in square meters (m2)Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth work, Earth fill,cement concrete, Masonry etc are expressed in Cubic metres. Steel for RCC works is expressed in Killogram, Killonewton or FOR MEASUREMENTThe rules for measurement of each item are invariably described in IS- some of the general rules are listed shall be made for finished item of work and description of each item shall include materials, transport, labor, fabrication tools and plant and all types of overheads for finishing the work in required shape, size and booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or depth or thicknessAll works shall be measured subject to the following measurement shall be measured to the nearest shall be measured to the nearest contents shall be worked-out to the nearest cum and Wood for door and window frames to the accuracy of to the accuracy of workunderdifferentconditionsandnaturesha llbe measured separately under separate ,proportions, workmanships and accurately represent the work to be case of masonry (stone or brick)

7 Or structural concrete, the categories shall be measured separately and the heights shall be described:From foundation to plinth levelFrom plinth level to first floor levelFrom Fist floor to second floor level and so OF ESTIMATION AND COSTINGE stimate gives an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can be determined whether the project could be taken up with in the funds available or gives an idea of time required for the completion of the is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arrange is also required to control the expenditure during the execution of decides whether the proposed plan matches the funds available or OF ESTIMATESP rilimanry EstimateDetailed estimateAbstractEstimationCosting&1 Revised EstimatePrilimanary Estimate: The estimate is a rough estimate which is nornmally be estimated on approximate square feet rate. In this estimate the specifications and Area are only for the temparary purpose.

8 Some times the cost may differ upto 50%.Detailed Estimate: The estimate which is in detail be provided with specifcations of material, method of duing the work, Details measurements and drawings. The quantities of the item ofthe works may vary upto 10%Abstract: The estimate which includes only the the total quantities of the item of works, Rates either as per PWD schedule or market values and total cost of the projectRevised Estimate: The revised estimate is the estimate which includes revised quantities or specifications and conditions for the preparation of Revised estimates are1. When the area or measurements of the approved plan the specification of materialof method of construction the rates of the material, labour changes over and above 10%4. When the location of the work changes STEPS OR PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATION Estimating involves the following operationsPreparing detailed the rate of each unit of workPreparing abstract of estimateREQUIR4 MENTS TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATED rawings plans, elevations, sections etc.

9 With complete measurementsDetailed Specifications if possible with brand nameScheduled Rates or Market ratesDRAWINGSIf the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the preparation of estimation become very difficult. So, it is very essential before preparing an estimateSPECIFICATIONSG eneral Specifications: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and materials in general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no form a general idea of Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the various items of work laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of preparation workmanship and execution of preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required as given belowThe rates of various materials to be used in the cost of transport wages of labor, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, Amador, etc.,LUMPSUMW hile preparing an estimate, it is not possible to work out in detail in case of petty items.

10 Items other than civil engineering such items are called lump sum items or simply following are some of Items in the supply and sanitary installations like meter, motor, etc.,Architectural and unforeseen general, certain percentage on the cost of estimation is allotted for the above Even if sub estimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the actual cost should not exceed the provided in the main CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT:During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled supervisors, work assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis. The salaries of these persons are drawn from the amount allotted towards the work charged establishment or in the category of contigenciesThat is, establishment which is charged directly to work. An of 1 to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards the work charged OF ESTIMATIONThe quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinthand super structure etc.