Example: tourism industry
CONTRIBUTION ANALYSIS - INTRAC
Contribution analysis was developed by John Mayne in the early 2000s. It is a methodology used to identify the contribution a development intervention – such as a project or programme – has made to a change or set of changes. Contribution analysis is based on a recognition that it is difficult to prove attribution for many
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QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (QCA) - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgQualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), developed by Charles Ragin in the 1970s, was originally developed as a research methodology. Lately, it has increasingly been applied within monitoring and evaluation (M&E). QCA is a methodology that enables the analysis of multiple cases in complex situations, and can help explain why change
THEORY OF CHANGE
www.intrac.orgTheories of Change can be developed in many ways. Common elements include ... stakeholder analysis or gender analysis might also be used. And if others have conducted similar assessments in the past then their findings can be used to arrive at a consensus.
PROCESS TRACING
www.intrac.orgPROCESS TRACING . Process tracing is a qualitative analysis methodology. The main purpose of process tracing is to establish whether, and how, a potential cause or causes influenced a specified change or set of changes. This is done by applying formal tests to examine the strength of evidence linking potential causes to the changes.
Theory of Change - INTRAC
www.intrac.org1 1. The reality of change Theory of Change is nothing new. It is not just a donor fad or yet another hoop to jump through. It is an on-going process of reflection to explore change and how
Theory of Change - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgA Theory of Change approach to planning and evaluation is increasingly being considered an essential practice for many organisations, programmes and projects. Theories of Change can be
PARTICIPATORY LEARNING AND ACTION (PLA)
www.intrac.orgPLA was originally called Participatory Rural (or Rapid) Appraisal (PRA). It became very popular in the 1980s and 1990s, and has since kept its popularity with many CSOs. PRA was originally designed for use during appraisals and needs assessments in rural areas. However, it can be used at any stage of the project cycle – design, planning,
BASIC TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgObservation: At its most simple, observation involves ‘seeing’ things – such as objects, processes, relationships, events – and formally recording the information. There are different types of observation. Structured or direct observation is a process in which observations are recorded against an agreed checklist.
Monitoring and Evaluation: New Developments and …
www.intrac.orgConference overview As development organisations, we are all finding ourselves placing a greater emphasis on measuring for results, on looking for evidence of impact, on justifying our effectiveness and on responding to a growing demand for accountability. Development organisations are continually experimenting with innovative
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE METHODS - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgquantitative methods are seen as weaker, qualitative methods are seen as (relatively) stronger. Some of the main strengths of qualitative methods are listed below, and are summarised in the diagram above. As with the section on quantitative methods, these are general rules only, and there are often exceptions. Quantitative methods ...
SECONDARY DATA SOURCES - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgFurther papers in the M&E Universe explain other simple data collection tools and methods. To access these papers directly, click on the relevant links below. Author(s): INTRAC . Contributor(s): ... Interviews Focus group discussions Observation Photography and video Surveys and questionnaires Case studies and stories of change
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Performance Attribution Analysis - Riordan Consulting
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Controlled and Affiliated Service Groups
www.irs.govAttribution Rules • General rule for A-Orgs and B-Orgs: Code section 318 • For an A-Org: ownership satisfied by any ownership interest in the FSO. • For Management: Code section 267(c) • Difference between attribution schemes: • Rules for family membership • Minimum percents for businesses 23 www.IRS.gov / retirement